Chapter 3-1

Motor Protein

(ex. Kinesin) : • Motor Molecules move vacuoles and organelles by "walking" along highway of microtubules • Kinesin: Move Organelles away from MTOC (towards plasma membrane). • Dynein: Move Organelles toward the MTOC (center of cell). • Kinesin - motor protein which moves down microtubules to carry molecules throughout the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum: • Network of tubules in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Smooth ER: • Internal transport system. • Both animal and plant cells, make cellular products like hormones and lipids.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First man to create a handcraft microscope and to observe single celled organism

Theodor Schwann

He concluded that all parts of animal and animals in general are made up of living cell. Thus, concluding that all living things are made up of cells.

Matthias Schleiden

He researched plants, and his contribution to science was that he concluded that plants are made up of living cells. Thus, saying that all living things are made up of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

He was the person who helped make a complete theory of cells. He stated that the existing cells, give rise to the new cells that are created. Meaning, a cell arises from a new cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER

Rough ER: • Synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell. • Has ribosomes, responsible for the assembly of proteins (translation).

Secretory Protein

Secretory protein: • The secretion (losing stuff, giving off) Proteins that are supposed to leave the cell. • They have to be made from Rough ER to the Golgi to the plasma membrane, where they leave the cell.

Robert Hooke

Shaved section of plant stem (the Cork) and viewed under microscope. Named the shapes CELLS

• Cell Size

o Average Cell 5-50μm o Surface Area 4πr2 o Volume 4/3πr3

Prokaryotic Cells

• - lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles • Simple single cells • Ex) Bacteria • Ex) Cyanobacteria • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than Eukaryotes. • Smaller, Simpler Cells • Cell Membranes • NO Nuclei • ALL Bacteria are Prokaryotes • Examples - o E. coli o S. Aureu

Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are composed of cells • 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things • 3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells • ALL cells have a cell membrane and a cytosol. • Some cells have a nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleoid Region

• A nuclear region in bacteria where DNA is concentrated. • This is where the DNA sit's in a eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin/ Chromosome

• A part of the nucleus. • The hereditary material consisting of DNA and protein, will coil up into short, thick rods called chromatids. • The hereditary material composed of DNA and protein.

Centrioles

• A physical structure, in which there are two round cylinders that are made up of microtubules. • Centrioles are found in animal cells, but the region where u find the Centrioles and Microtubules are found in the Centrosome Region of Animal. • Microtubules are the main component of centrioles, which function during cell division. • The cylindrical organelle just outside the nucleus in animal cells that functions in cell division.

Nucleolus

• Area of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

Capsule

• Bacteria also contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and a protective coating known as a capsule. • For the capsule is a protective coating located on the outside of the cell wall in bacteria .

Basal Body

• Basal Body Origin • 9 "triplet" structure. • "Whip-like" motion. • Basal Body is an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium

Plasma Membrane

• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain a cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane. • The function of this is to regulate material enter and exiting the cell. It is found in all prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

Vacuole

• Bubble-like organelles that sore water, waste materials, or food particles. • The interiors of many plant cells contain one large, central vacuole. The pressure exerted by the water in the central vacuole helps maintain the shape of the plant cell. • Function: Storage Area. • Factory Analogy: Storeroom • Found in both plant and animal cells.

Chloroplast

• Chloroplast contains the green pigment chlorophyll. • Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, or food production, in plants and algae. • Chloroplast function is to make food. • Factory Analogy: Cook • Found in plant cells. • A plastid containing chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis.

Leucoplast

• Colorless plastids that store starch, lipids, or proteins. • Function: Storage of starch, lipids, or proteins. • Factory Analogy: Break Room Fridge • Found in only plant cells.

Eukaryotic cells:

• Contain: o Nucleus: surrounded by nuclear membrane. o Organelles: tiny structures that perform specialized functions. o Cytoplasm: cytosol and all organelles except the nucles. • Have cell membrane. • Include Plant, Animal, Fungi, and many Microorganisms • Contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles • Single-celled, Ex) protists • • Multicellular organisms, Ex) humans

Endomembrane system

• Endomembrane system organelles and energy organelles. • Mitochondria and chloroplast are the organelles for energy. • Everything else is endomembrane o Ex: Golgi, Smooth ER.

Cell Wall

• Found in Plants, Algae, Fungi and many Prokaryotes • Function - Support & Protection • External to Cell Membrane • Function: Protects the cell and provides shape. • Found in almost all prokaryotic cells and some (plants) eukaryotic cells.

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

• Function: : o Anchor Cytoskeleton to cell membrane o Determine consistency of cytoplasm o Interact with Myosin (motor molecule) for muscle contraction • Long fibers responsable for cellular movements such as contraction or pinching during cell division. • Long thin fibers «string or pearls » . concentrated in cortext . amoeboid motion. • Protein Subunit : Actin • Functions include : o Motillity via muscle contraction or cell crawling. o Movement of organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals.

Pili

• Function: Attach to environment or transfer DNA. • Found in most prokaryotic cells, but no eukaryotic cells. • Short extensions of the plasma membrane that are used for adhesion to surfaces or to exchange plasmids. • Pili are found in some bacterial cells, but not in eukaryotic cells.

Lysosome

• Function: Digest large particles. • Factory Analogy: Recycling Center • Found in both animal and plant cells. • Membrane-bound organelles that are formed in the Golgi apparatus are lysosomes. • Loaded with strong enzymes, lysosomes digest large particles found in the cells.

Plasmid

• Function: Stores small amount of genetic code. • Found in some prokaryotes, but no eukaryotes. • Some prokaryotes also contain small segments of circular DNA called plasmids that can enter and exit the prokaryotic DNA. The circular DNA and plasmids are found within the cytoplasm because prokaryotes do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

Microtubules

• Functions: o Structural Role o Movement of Chromosomes o Structural Component of Cilia and Flagella o Track for motor proteins o Motility via flagella or cilia. o Move chromosomes during cell division. o Formation of cell pate during plant cell division. o Move organelles • Hollow tubes, aid cellular movement and movement of materials within the cell itself. • Microtubules are the main componet of centrioles, which function during cell division. Centrosomes help assemble the microtubules used to move the chromosomes during cell division. • Microtubules are made in the MTOC.

Cilia

• Many, short, often in rows. • Internal structure like flagella. • Multiple functions. • Microtubules is the structural component of the Cilia. • Some Eukaryotic and Procrayotic cells have cilia, short projections similar to flagella. • The cells use cilia to move themselves, to move molecules in thier enviroments, or to gather information from their surroundings. • Function : o Move molecules, or gather information. o No prokaryotic cells contain cilia, but some eukarotic cells do.

MTOC

• Microtubule Organizing Center • Found in the centrosome region. • It's where microtubules are made.

Flagella

• Prokaryote flagella are different from Eukaryotic. • Microtubules are the sturctural componet of flagella. • Eukaryote Flagella o Microtubular Structure o 9+2 Arrangement o Basal Body Origin o 9 « triplet » structure o « Whip-like » motion. • Flagella are long appendages that can be whipped to propel cells through their enviroment. • Thin, long appendages of some cells used for movement. • Function : o Move the cell. • Found in most Prokaryotic Cells, and some Eukaryotic Cells

Cytoplasm

• Some cells have a cytoplasm. • Eukaryotes contain a cytoplasm.

Peroxisome

• Specialized organelles that break down long-chain fatty acids and detoxify alcohol and other harmful substances. While lysosomes are made in the Golgi apparatus peroxisomes. • Peroxisome function is to break down fatty acids. • Factory Analogy: Recycling • Found in both animal and plant cells. • A vacuole won't be able to be recognized as any other vacuole in a plant. They are part of digesting and breaking down the lipids and fats. Killed by H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).

Golgi Apparatus

• Storage and Packing of Materials. • The Golgi Apparatus looks like a group of small, flattened balloons in the cytoplasm. • Responsible for the storage and packing of chemicals that are eventually secreted from the cell. • Factory Analogy: Shipping Department. • Found in both plant and animal cells. • Function: Storage and Packing of materials.

DNA

• Stores genetic code. • Found in ALL prokaryotes and eukaryotes. • All cells contain DNA, the hereditary material. The DNA of a eukaryote cell is organized into chromosomes.

Prokaryote Flagellum

• The flagellum's function is to move the cell. • Found in most prokaryotic cells.

Central Vacuole

• The interiors of many plant cells contain one large, central vacuole. The pressure exerted by the water in the central vacuole helps maintain the shape of the plant cell.

Nuclear envelope/ membrane

• The membrane around the nucleus. • No nuclear envelope bacterial cell.

Intermediate Filaments

• The most durable element of the cytoskeleton is a system of tough, fibrous protein molecules called intermediate filaments. • Most durable rope like structure. • Provides stability (vimentin). • Function: o Strengthen Cell o Stabilize Position organelles o Stabilize cell relative to other cells o Anchor nucleus and some other organelles.

Nucleus

• The nucleus stores heredity information (DNA) in both the animal and plant cells. • Function: Control Center, stores hereditary information. • Factory Analogy: Manager • Found in both plant and animal cells. • Robert Brown (1831) • Chromatin/Chromosome • Nucleoplasm • Nucleolus • Nuclear Envelope

Mitochondria

• The site of cellular respiration. • The organelles that release energy from nutrients taken into the cell are mitochondria. • Mitochondria are composed of a series of two membranes, which greatly increase the internal surface area of the organelle. • Chemical activity in the mitochondria provides energy for the cell. • Mitochondria's function is to provide energy for the cell. • Factory Analogy: Power Station (generator). • Found in both animal and plant cells.

Ribosomes

• The site of protein synthesis. • Function: Protein synthesis. • Factory Analogy: Assembly line worker. • Found in both animal and plant cells. • Since DNA encodes for the formation of proteins, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

Cytoskeleton

• The system of microtubules and other proteins in cytoplasm that provides internal support for cell. • Cytoskelton function is to support the cell and anchor the organelles. • Facotry Analogy : Factory Building Walls • Found in both plant and animal cells. • system of microtubules and other proteins in cytoplasm that provides internal support for cell

Vesicles

• The transport pot. • Made out of membrane, this is where materials move from the Rough ER to the Smooth ER.

Organelles

• Tiny structures that perform specialized functions. • Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Types of cytoskeleton fibers

• Types of cytoskeletal fibers o Actin filaments - long fibers responsible for cellular movements o Microtubules - hollow tubes that aid cellular movement and movement of materials within the cell o Intermediate filaments - tough, fibrous protein molecules that provide structural stability for the cell • Contains : o Microtubules o Intermediate Filaments o Actine Filaments and Microfilaments