Chapter 3
The most noticeable changes in body build are
decreased height and fluctuations in weight.
Gradual thinning and graying of the hair occurs naturally with age. Thinning is caused by , whereas graying nis caused by .
destruction of the hair follicles; cessation of pigment production
Dizziness and vertigo occur at greater rates in older adults due to all of the following factors except
difficulty in sending visual cues to the front of the brain for processing in the occipital cortex.
Because a good night's sleep is important for maintaining good overall health, older adults need to
ensure that the sleep environment is maximally conducive to sleeping.
Changes in white matter in the _________ and in the _______________ that occur with age have been shown to be related to difficulty in maintaining proper balance.
frontal cortex; occipital cortex
Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have
genetic components.
All of the following are normative, age-related changes in vision except
glaucoma.
Polku and colleagues noted that physiologic hearing loss, assessed through the audiometric test, is not necessarily a ___________ or ______________ assessment of how people perceive their hearing problems.
good; accurate
While sensory presbycusis BLANK , neural presbycusis BLANK .
has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech
Cells grown in laboratory culture dishes undergo only a fixed number of division before dying. The number of possible divisions drops depending on the age of the donor organism. This phenomenon is called the
hayflick limit
All of the following are associated with loss of hearing in later life except
hysteria.
which of the following is a sig of aging that is not readily apparent?
increased blood pressure
all of the following are the cause of wrinkles except
increases in the underlying layer of fat
Because U.S. society places high value on looking young, middle-aged and older adults, especially women, may be regarded as
inferior.
The guidelines for treating rheumatoid arthritis, adopted by the American College of Rheumatology include all of the following except
intense range-of-motion exercises.
According to the textbook, researchers are gathering evidence that vaping
is turning out to be a harmful habit after all.
Older adults have slower vasoconstrictor response. This means
it takes longer for them to raise their internal body temperature, or warm up.
Keeping one's balance is a complex process in which we integrate input from several sources, such as vision, touch, bones, and
joints.
Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires
light adaptation.
The greatest concentrations of touch receptors in the human body are in the
lips, tongue, and fingertips.
Okinawans eat 40% less than the Japanese. Okinawa has 40 times as many people over the age of 100 than Japan. This provides evidence for which biological theory of aging?
metabolic
which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process?
metabolic theories
which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging?
none of the biological theories can completely explain normative aging
Employees for residential roofing companies often complain about their knees after a long day of shingling, and dart throwers often complain about their elbows after a tournament. Based on this description, you would guess they have
osteoarthritis.
The leading cause of broken bones in women is
osteoporosis.
Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration characterized by loss of bone mass and increased bone porosity. This condition is called
osteoporosis.
What typically occurs with regard to height and weight in old age?
people tend to lose weight and height across late adulthood
Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as
presbycusis.
most facial wrinkling experienced by adults is
preventable if one limits exposure to the suns ultraviolet rays and doesn't smoke
the innate ability of cells to self-destruct is a part of physiological processes known as
programmed cell death
which theory of aging suggests that there is an innate ability in cells to self-destruct?
programming theories
to understand the overall health of a person requires not only understanding their biological functioning but also the
psychological functioning
One theory of aging that makes apparent commonsense postulates that organisms have only so much energy to expend in a lifetime. Therefore, the basic idea is that the rate of a creature's metabolism is
related to how long it lives
Shawnee awakens in the morning with stiff, swollen joints and pain in her fingers, wrists, and ankles. Shawnee most likely has
rheumatoid arthritis.
the Chinese herb BLANK shows promise is reducing wrinkles
sanchi
A longitudinal study of Japanese adults revealed that women have more changes in their fundamental frequency and
shimmer
Dalton and colleagues found that people with moderate to severe hearing loss were ___________________ to have functional impairments with tasks of daily life.
significantly more likely
Which of the following originated in Australia as a public messaging campaign adopted by the American Cancer Society?
slip slop slap and wrap
Research on muscle development has shown that
some people retain their strength well into old age
One approach to alleviating the estrogen-related symptoms women experience in later life is to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). This involves
taking low doses of estrogen, sometimes combined with progestin.
All of the following are associated with changes in sleep as we age except
taking naps during the day results in better sleep at night.
the tips of chomosomes are called
telomeres
Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in BLANK and thereby shorten one's life span
telomers
telomerase is needed in DNA replication to fully reproduce the
telomers when cells divide
The most accurate conclusion concerning age-related changes in taste sensitivity is that
the ability to detect certain tastes declines gradually, but this varies greatly from taste to taste and person to person.
Two common age-related changes in the heart involve
the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue.
For women, the transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is a major biological process called
the climacteric.
which of the following is not an additional change in the colouring of light-skinned people undergoes with age?
the elasticity of the skin increases
The major reason why older women do not engage in sexual relations is
the lack of a socially sanctioned partner.
The problem of vertigo is associated with
the vestibular system.
According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, people should do all of the following to combat osteoporosis except
to begin taking countermeasures to osteoporosis after the onset of menopause.
Metabolic processes, such as eating less and reducing stress, may be related to living longer.
true
The retina sits along approximately ___________ of the interior of the eye.
two-thirds
BLANK declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60.
visual acuity
It is especially easy to cause hearing loss with headphones or earbuds if you
wear them while exercising.
Women have less bone mass than men in young adulthood, meaning that they start out with less ability to
withstand bone loss before it causes problems
Tanaina keeps mixing her blue and green socks when she is folding the laundry. The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to
yellowing of the lens.
is a persons voice susceptible to the aging process?
yes, older voices are characterized by lower pitch, less precise pronunciation and lower volume
Researchers have found that this form of exercise can reduce older adults' chances of falling and can improve their balance.
Tai chi exercises
Which of the following statements is false?
The amount of connective tissue in the heart decreases with age.
Annual prostate screenings are recommended for men beginning at age
50
By age 65, the average adult has experienced a ______________ decline in aerobic capacity since young adulthood.
60 to 70%
For her mother's 60th birthday, Ginni is thinking of what to buy for a gift. According to the findings of a large-scale survey conducted by The National Geographic Society, which of the following would be the best choice for her mother's gift?
A natural gas odor detector
Sensations from the skin, internal organs, and joints
All of these are correct.
The Pocket Smell Test gives clinicians another indicator for diagnosing suspected cases of
Alzheimer's disease.
Which is true about cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the United States.
Which of the following cardiovascular diseases results in pain that is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes and can be treated with nitroglycerine?
Angina pectoris
laser surgery to correct BLANK is now routine, but treatment for other conditions, such as BLANK, remain elusive
Cataracts; macular degeneration
BLANK is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.
COPD
Which of the following are associated with hearing loss?
Damage to the middle ear area from using headphones or earbuds at high volume, especially while exercising
Which of the following is a retinal disease that takes many years to develop and can be accompanied by hemorrhage and aneurysms?
Diabetic retinopathy
Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease?
Emphysema
Broken bones in older people present more serious problems than in younger adults, because they are more likely to
clean fractures that are difficult to heal.
Which of the following is not one of the causes, in part, of osteoporosis?
Excesses of vitamin D
BLANK is the leading cause of functional blindness in the United States.
Macular degeneration
cultural variations are evident in whether people let their hair turn gray or whether they
colour it
BLANK occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely restricted or cut off.
Myocardial infarction
Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women?
Significant decrease in sexual desire
Carla, at age 57, is having a hard time seeing the sliver in her grandson's finger. She finds that she must hold it farther away to focus on its location, making it impossible to remove it and stop his distressed crying. She is experiencing which normal age-related change in vision?
Presbyopia
Which of the following is not associated with age differences in the vestibular system?
Presbyopia
Which of the following is not a reproductive change in men?
Rapid decrease in the number of sperm
Why is osteoporosis more common in women than in men?
The decrease in estrogen in women following menopause greatly increases bone loss.
Which of the following is true regarding the somesthetic system?
The distribution of touch receptors varies throughout the body.
Osteoarthritis is
a "wear and tear" disease.
It is estimated that every 4 minutes in the United States, someone dies from
a cerebrovascular accident or stroke.
One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is
a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.
The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is
congestive heart failure.
Older adults have trouble responding to high heat, because
a. they do not sweat as much.
for men, weight gain tends to be around the BLANK; for women, weight gain tends to be around the BLANK
abdomen; hips
substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as
antioxidants
Two common problems following CVA are ____________ and____________.
aphasia; hemiplegia
Losses in strength and endurance in old age have much the same psychological effects as changes in
appearance.
If medications for rheumatoid arthritis do not provide relief from the symptoms, surgical interventions such as to totally replace the joint may be considered.
arthroplasty
According to your textbook, careful assessment of _______ is important in understanding the nature and precise source of older adults' problems.
balance
Which of the following is not one of the three general research-based approaches to the work aimed at slowing or reversing aging?
bio-thermal reduction processes
Research indicates that using __________, to slow down the bone breakdown process, for up to five years appears relatively safe.
bisphosphonates
The Women's Health Initiative and the Million Women Study both concluded that women who used MHT displayed an increased risk for
breast cancer.
An opaque spot called a __________ may develop on the lens, which limits the amount of light transmitted into the eye.
cataract
Cross-linking is a process in which certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way that they make the body stiffer. Which theoretical perspective does cross-linking represent?
cellular theory
which of the following terms is not associated with cellular theories of aging?
cholesterol buildup