chapter 3

mucous

" a slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining (and other body linings) that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The lining of the GI tract with its coat of mucus is a mucous membrane.(The noun is mucus;the adjective is mucous."

1=fluids and some minerals, 2= fibers, 3=most fibers

"LARGE INTESTINE: ABSORBING AND ELIMINATING 1_____ are absorbed. 2_____ from the seeds, whole-wheat bread, peanut butter, and banana are partly digested by the bacteria living in the large intestine, and some of these products are absorbed. 3____ pass through the large intestine and are excreted as feces; some fat, cholesterol, and minerals bind to fiber and are also excreted"

Small intestine 1=carbs 2=fat 3=protein 4=vitamins and minerals

"SMALL INTESTINE: DIGESTING AND ABSORBING 1_____digestion picks up when the pancreas sends pancreatic enzymes to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct to break down starch. Enzymes on the surfaces of the small intestinal cells complete the process of breaking down starch into small fragments that can be absorbed through the cells of the small intestine walls and into the hepatic portal vein. Sugars from the banana require so little digestion that they begin to traverse the intestinal cells immediately on contact. 2_______ from the peanut butter and seeds is emulsified by bile. Now pancreatic and intestinal lipases can break down the fat to smaller fragments that can be absorbed through the cells of the small intestine wall and into the lymph. 3______ breakdown depends on the pancreatic and intestinal proteases. Small fragments of protein are absorbed through the cells of the small intestine wall and into the hepatic portal vein. 4_______are absorbed.

St1=fat 2=proteins 3= carbs

"STOMACH: COLLECTING AND CHURNING, WITH SOME DIGESTION 1_____ from the peanut butter and seeds tends to separate from the watery GI juices. 2_______ from the bread, seeds, and peanut butter begin to uncoil when they mix with the gastric acid, exposing them to the gastric protease enzymes that break down proteins. 3______ digestion ceases when the stomach acid of the gastric juices inactivates the salivary amylase.

pancreatic juice

"exocrine secretion of the pancreas that contains both enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent. The juice flows from the pancreas into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct. (The pancreas also has an endocrine function, the secretion of insulin and other hormones.)"

saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal juice

5 digestive secretions

gastric juice

A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach. " a mixture of water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid, which acts primarily in protein diges-tion" ph 1-2

stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechhanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat. forming chyme

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension or blind sac of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. extends from beginning of the colon or large intestine. (contains bacteria and lymph cells.

Bolus

A soft mass of chewed food.

digestive system

All the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce and secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the duodenum of small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to tissues

salivary glands

Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of salivary glands contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into a bolus, and begin the process of chemical digestion. parotid, submandibular and the sublingual

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption

MOUTH, SALIVARY GLANDS, PHARYNX, EPIGLOTTIS, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTERS, DIAGHRAM, STOMACH, PYLORIC SPHINCTER, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, BILE DUCT, APPENDIX, SMALL INTESTINE, ILLEOCCECAL VALVE (SPHINCTER) , PANCREAS, PANCREATIC DUCT, LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, ANUS

M S PE T EE D SP LGBA SI PP LRA

1 = carbohydrate 2=fiber 3= fats 4= protein

MOUTH: CHEWING AND SWALLOWING, WITH LITTLE DIGESTION 1_________ digestion begins as salivary amylase breaks down starch from bread and peanut butter. 2 ________ covering on the sesame seeds is crushed by the teeth. 3__________digestion is minimal. Some hard fats melt as they reach body temperature. 4________ foods are moistened by saliva

liver

Manufactures bile salts, detergent-like substances, to help digest fats

small intestine

Secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles; cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood and lymph

active transport

Some nutrients (such as glucose and amino acids) are absorbed by ________. These nutrients move against a concentration gradient, which requires ENERGY.

facilitated transport

Some nutrients (such as the water-soluble vitamins) are absorbed by __________. They need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell membrane to the other. (Alternatively, facilitated transport may occur when the carrier changes the cell membrane in such a way that the nutrients can pass through.)

Carbs, protein, and fat

The cells of GI tract are made up of --?

Esophagus

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

small intestine

a 10-foot length of small-diameter intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. Its segments are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Hydrolysis

a chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules. with hydrogen added to one and a hydroxyl group added to the other (from water H20)

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

catalyst

a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without being changed in the process

Emulsifier

a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution

pH (power of hydrogen)

a unit of measurement expressing a substances acidity or alkalinity. The lower the Ph the more h+ ion concentration and the stronger the acid. above 7 is more alkaline or base.

large intestine

absorbs water and minerals: passes waste (fiber, bacteria and unabsorbed nutrients) along with water to the rectum.

hydrochloric acid

an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms (HCl) that is normally produced by the gastric glands.

Bicarbonate

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice

Bile

an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.

Carbohydrase

an enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates (starches and sugars) produced in saliva glands, pancreas, small intestine.

digestive enzymes

are designed to digest carbs, fat and protein.

colon (atds)

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

reflux

backward flow

pancreatic enzymes

breakdown carbs, fats, and proteins in small intestine

heartburn

burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus

Epiglottis

cartilage in the throat that guards entrance to the trachea and prevents food or fluid to enter when person swallows. on back of tongue

Glands

cells or groups of cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body". may be exocrine -secreting their materials "out" (into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin), or endocrine---secreting their materials "in" (into the blood)."

esophageal sphincter

circular muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus .

sphincter

circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening

bile duct

conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

pancreatic duct

conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine

mouth (chewing with your teeth)(saliva)

digestion begins in the ---?

BILE

emulsifies fat IN SMALL INTESTINE so enzymes can have access to break it down

lipase

enzyme necessary to digest fats. produced in pancreas, small intestine

Protease

enzyme that digests protein. produced in the stomach , pancreas and small intestine

gastric glands

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

duodenum

first part of the small intestine (12 finger breath long)

salt, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

five taste sensations?

13

guess the pH - oven cleaner

11

guess the pH ammonia

14

guess the ph - lye

Proteins

hydrocloric acid from gastric juice secreted by gastric glands in stomach uncoil ______

aroma, appearance, texture and temperature.

in addition to chemical triggers (salt, sweet, sour, bitter, umami) what other things influence a persons taste perception?

Segmentation

inner circular muscles contract mix chyme with digestive juices. chyme in contact with absorbing cells

Illeum

last segment of small intestine. empties into large intestine

Pancreas

manufactures enzymes all energy yielding nutrients and release bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters small intestine.

small intestine

most fat breakdown occurs in the

GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus composes the---?

Peristalsis

outer longitudinal muscles push chyme forward

Chyme

partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach expelled into duodenum of small intestine.

9

ph baking soda?

0

ph battery acid

8.5

ph bile

8

ph blood and pancreatic juice

5

ph coffee

1000

ph of 2 is ____ times stronger than 5

2

ph of gastric juice and lemon juice?

4

ph orange juice

6

ph urine

3

ph vinegar

7

ph water and saliva

digestive enzymes

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum of small intestine

Diaphragm

separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Capillaries, capillary

small vessels that branch from an artery.__________ connects arteries to veins. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across ________ walls.

simple diffusion

some nutrients (such as water and small lipids) are absorbed by ___. They cross into intestinal cells freely

lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

GI motility

spontaneous movement of the gi tract that aids in the digestion and transit of contents within it.

galbladder

stores bile. when it receives msg that fat is present in the duodenum it squirts bile through bile duct into the duodenum.

ACE

suffix denoting an enzyme. The root of the word often identifies the compound the enzyme works on. Examples include"

anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

jejunum

the fist two fifths of small intestine beyond duodenum

Aorta

the large that conducts blood FROM the heart to the small arteries.

large intestine or colon

the lower portion of intestine that completes the digestive process. Its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

Pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

Rectum

the muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Digestion

the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

Mastication

the process of chewing

saliva

the secretion of the saliva glands helps break down carbohydrates. composed of salt, water, mucous, enzymes

illeocecal valve

the sphincter separating the small and large intestines PREVENTS BACKFLOW from large intestine

Absorption

the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Microvilli

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells

crypts

tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine