Chapter 3

Terms that signal a deductive argument include... Question 6 options: Formally, broadly Probably, chances are Necessarily, it follows that Almost, finally

necessarily, it follows that

Inductive arguments are... Question 16 options: Truth-preserving Valid or invalid Always incomplete Not truth-preserving

not truth-preserving

An inductive argument that fails to provide probable support for its conclusion is said to be weak. Question 29 options: True False

true

This argument—"If Dayton is the capital of Ohio, then Dayton is in Ohio. Dayton is in Ohio; Therefore, Dayton is the capital of Ohio"—is an example of... Question 9 options: Denying the antecedent Disjunctive syllogism Affirming the antecedent Affirming the consequent

affirming the antecedent

An argument with this form—If p, then q; p; Therefore q—is... Question 8 options: Deductively valid Deductively invalid Deductively cogent Inductively strong

deductively valid

This argument—"If Henry Ford invented cell phones, then he's a great scientist. Ford did not invent cell phones. Therefore, he is not a great scientist"—is an example of... Question 10 options: Affirming the consequent Affirming the antecedent Denying the antecedent Denying the consequent

denying the antecedent

An argument with this structure—Either p or q; Not p; Therefore q—is called ... Question 4 options: Denying the antecedent Affirming the consequent Disjunctive syllogism Modus ponens

disjunctive syllogism

A sound argument is not necessarily a good argument. Question 28 options: True False

false

The argument form called disjunctive syllogism is invalid. Question 23 options: True False

false

The argument form known as affirming the consequent is always valid. Question 22 options: True False

false

The argument form modus tollens is always invalid. Question 17 options: True False

false

The second part of a conditional statement is known as the antecedent. Question 27 options: True False

false

Usually a passage will contain mostly statements that serve as the premises and conclusion of an argument. Question 30 options: True False

false

An argument with this structure—If p, then q; If q, then r; therefore if p, then r—is called... Question 3 options: Denying the antecedent Affirming the consequent Modus tollens Hypothetical syllogism

hypothetical syllogism

This argument—"If you're a citizen, you have rights. But you're not a citizen. So you don't have rights"—is... Question 11 options: Invalid Strong Valid Weak

invalid

A valid argument is such that if its premises are true... Question 2 options: Its conclusion must be true Its conclusion must be false Its conclusion is neither true nor false Its structure must be valid

its conclusion must be true

Conditions (or features) that a thing must have in order to be that thing are called... Question 12 options: Sufficient conditions Necessary conditions Alternative conditions Objective conditions

necessary conditions

A deductively valid argument with true premises is said to be... Question 1 options: Strong Weak Sound Probable

sound

This argument—"Almost all the people in this town are Democrats; Frank lives in this town; therefore, he is probably a Democrat"—is called... Question 13 options: Analogical induction Enumerative induction Statistical syllogism Causal reasoning

statistical syllogism

The first step in evaluating long arguments is to... Question 5 options: Identify the premises Study the text until you thoroughly understand it Diagram the argument Identify the subject and predicate

study the text until you thoroughly understand it

Arguments and critical thinking are widely used in... Question 14 options: Advertising Show business The law Religion

the law

According to social relativism, the beliefs of a society cannot be mistaken. Question 24 options: True False

true

A valid deductive argument cannot have... Question 15 options: True premises and a true conclusion True premises and a false conclusion False premises and a true conclusion False premises and false conclusion

true premises and a false conclusion

Deductively valid arguments guarantee the truth of the conclusion, so they are said to be... Question 7 options: Truth-preserving Persuasive Strong Cogent

truth-preserving

Persuasion and reasoning are not synonymous. Question 20 options: True False

ture

Deductively valid arguments are truth-preserving. Question 18 options: True False

true

If a deductively valid argument has a false conclusion, you can infer that at least one of the premises is false. Question 19 options: True False

true

With the counterexample method, you check for validity by simply devising a parallel argument that has the same form as the argument you're evaluating but has obviously true premises and a false conclusion. Question 26 options: True False

true

Sufficient conditions guarantee that something exists or is a certain kind of thing. Question 21 options: True False

true

Unsupported claims are common. Question 25 options: True False

true