Chapter 3 anatomy
The Na+ K+ pump is associated with
- Active transport -Resting membrane potential - antiporters and symporters
The production and export of milk from mammary gland cells involves which of these cell organelles?
- Golgi apparatus - rough endoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles
Which of the following is characteristic of aging cells?
- golgi apparatus becomes fragmented - lipid inclusions accumulate - glycogen-containing structures decrease
Which one among the following describes the function of the cell membrane or plasma membrane?
-Cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment. -Plasma membrane gives the cell a definite size and shape. -Plasma membrane controls the movement of molecules from one side of the cell to the other.
Which of the following organelles have their structure and function accurately described?
-Vesicles - membranous sacs; contain various substances that recently entered or formed in the cell -Microfilaments - tiny rods of protein (actin); cause cellular movement -Microtubules - long, slender tubes of globular protein (tubulin); form internal skeleton of cell
Which of the following cellular components is nonliving?
-mitochondria -nucleus -cytoplasm
What size (in diameter) are most human cells?
10-15 µm
How many divisional stages occur during meiosis?
2
By the process of mitosis in a human cell, __________ daughter cells are produced, each of which has __________ chromosomes.
2, 46
Which of the following best approximates the diameter of a typical human cell?
20 µ m
Aerobic respiration produces __________ ATP molecules, __________ require oxygen to be available, and produces __________ as end product(s).
36-38, does, CO2 and water
Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1.) Polypeptide chains move through rough ER and then carried in vesicles to Golgi Apparatus. 2.) Vesicles are pinched off from Golgi Apparatus carrying newly formed proteins to plasma membrane. 3.) Golgi Apparatus separates and modifies varieties of proteins and then packages them into vesicles. 4.) Initiated by RNA, polypeptide chains are made by ribosomes on rough ER.
4, 1, 3, 2
Human somatic cells contain _______ chromosomes, while gametic cells contain _______ chromosomes.
46; 23
If an m-RNA molecule is 2400 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _______ codons.
800
_______ is enclosed in double membranes with cristae extending inward from the inner membrane
A mitochondrion
What characteristic is shared by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Both involve the movement of a substance from regions of a higher concentration to lower concentration without cellular energy.
Elements present in DNA and RNA are
C, H, O, N, P
mRNA is copied from
DNA
Chemotherapy usually makes use of drugs that affect the ___________ of cancer cells.
DNA molecules
Which one among the following statements about organelles is true?
Depending on the particular cell function, organelles vary in number and type.
__________ depends upon a pressure difference on either side of a partition.
Filtration
are peripheral proteins, are activated by surface receptors, and relay hormone and neurotransmitter stimuli to secondary messengers.
G proteins
Which of the following statements concerning transport across the plasma membrane is true?
Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.
________________ increase a cell's external surface area and are found on intestinal cells.
Microvilli
Which of these substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
O2 and CO2
Replication of DNA takes place during the
S phase.
_______ are the only type of cells where flagella are found.
Sperm
___________ cells are thin, flat, and often have a bulge where the nucleus is.
Squamous
_____________ cells are thin, flat, and often have a bulge where the nucleus is.
Squamous
Which of the following is a nonmembranous organelle?
a centriole
By what method can the intestinal cells absorb sodium ions if they are in higher concentration inside the cell?
active transport
Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?
active transport
When molecules move from the area of lower concentration to the area of higher concentration and energy is used, it is called
active transport
The sodium-potassium pump located in the plasma membrane
actively moves potassium into cells
The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the sequence of
amino acids in a protein
The __________ on a tRNA molecule pairs with three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule.
anticodon
Cells dispose of worn-out organelles by a process called
autophagy
Basic skeleton of the plasma membrane is formed by
bilayered phospholipid structure
Blood cells in a hypotonic solution will
burst (hemolysis)
The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the
cell
Cells undergo a series of changes during their life-span which is known as
cell cycle
A cell uses centrioles in the process of
cell division
When a cell is observed with a compound light microscope, which of the following structures will be seen?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
In cystic fibrosis, the cilia become embedded in sticky mucus due to a malfunction of the
chloride pump
The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is
cholesterol
In the nucleus, DNA is wrapped within proteins. This structure is known as
chromatin
DNA is condensed to form a structure called a _________ in the nucleus.
chromosome
Which of the following structures is most closely related to moving particulate matter along the surface of epithelium?
cilia
The glycolipids and glycoproteins function to
confer each cell's unique identity or fingerprint
One function of a nucleus in the cell is to
control and coordinate cellular activities
Which of these processes involves a sodium-potassium exchange pump and two carrier molecules?
cotransport
Which of these processes is associated with meiosis, but not mitosis?
crossing over
The process by which cytoplasm divides during cell division is known as
cytokinesis
Organelles in the cytoplasm are embedded in a semitransparent matrix called
cytosol
A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in
detoxification activities
The movement of oxygen from a higher concentration in the lungs to a lower concentration in the blood stream is an example of
diffusion
Which of these transport processes does NOT require ATP?
diffusion
During the process of DNA replication,
each new DNA molecule has one strand of nucleotides from the original DNA and one newly synthesized strand.
The structure of the nucleus can be described as
enclosed in a nuclear envelope
Microtubules are
essential components of cilia, flagella, centrioles, and spindle fibers
Many gland cells release their secretions by means of _______, a process somewhat like reverse endocytosis.
exocytosis
Formation of a secretory vesicle, fusion of the secretory vesicle to the cell membrane, and release of the contents of the secretory vesicles outside the cell describes
exocytosis.
Given these characteristics of a transport process: 1. moves with the concentration gradient 2. does not require energy 3. requires carrier molecules Which of these processes is described?
facilitated diffusion
The movement of a solution across a plasma membrane because of a pressure gradient is called
filtration
When blood pressure in capillaries forces water and dissolved solutes out into the tissue fluid, this is called
filtration
In question 9 above, if the containers for solution A and solution B are connected, with a selectively permeable membrane between them, water moves
from solution B to solution A.
Organelles are distinguished from inclusions in that organelles are _______, whereas inclusions are _______.
functional structures; storage sites for chemical substances
Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in the
gametes (egg and sperm)
A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a functional protein is called a
gene
Chemical reactions that convert glucose to pyruvic acid in the cell are called
glycolysis.
If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _______ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.
golgi apparatus
By the process of meiosis, a _________ number of chromosomes are produced in the gametes.
haploid
A 10% salt solution is __________ to distilled water.
hyperosmotic
Where the extracellular fluid is more highly concentrated than the intracellular fluid, we may say it is
hypertonic
You place blood cells in an unknown solution and observe them with a microscope; you notice that most of the cells have crenated. Therefore, you conclude that the unknown solution is __________ to the cells.
hypertonic
0.9% NaCl solution (saline) is isotonic to a cell, while seawater is
hypertonic to the cell
Which tonicity describes a solution that has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid?
hypotonic
Which of these conditions decreases the rate of diffusion?
increased viscosity
Crossing over
increases the amount of genetic diversity
In some tissues, cells are tightly packed and their cell membranes are connected by the structure known as the
intercellular junction
Regions of DNA that do not code for portions of a protein are called
introns.
The process of pinocytosis,
involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles
The nucleus of the cell
is the site of RNA synthesis is the largest organelle in eukaryotes has a double membrane
The process that divides the nucleus during cell division is known as
karyokinesis
Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of
length and numbers
Although the basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined mainly by its __________ , the functions of the plasma membrane are determined mainly by its __________.
lipids, proteins
Tay-Sachs disease involves a cellular defect in
lysosomal enzymes
Which of these organelles function as intracellular digestive systems and contain enzymes?
lysosomes
During embryonic development, some structures are formed and then degenerate; the cell organelles responsible for the breakdown of these structures are the
lysosomes.
Which molecules in the cell membrane are mostly glycoproteins?
marker molecules
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
marker molecules - are primarily steroids
Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a "brush border" composed of _______, which are cell extensions that increase surface area.
microvilli
Which structure increases cell surface area?
microvilli
As a result of exercise, there is an increase in the number of __________ in muscle cells.
mitochondria
Muscle cells contain numerous _______ because of their high demand for ATP.
mitochondria
Which of the following organelles can be compared to a power-house because it supplies the cell with energy?
mitochondria
Which of these organelles contains DNA?
mitochondria
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are
modified structure to function as sensory receptors
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane include
molecular weight of particle, concentration gradient, and membrane permeability.
Solution A has a greater osmotic pressure that solution B. Therefore, solution A contains __________ solutes and __________ water than solution B.
more, less
What happens by the process of mitosis?
new daughter cells with same number of chromosomes and all other cellular components are produced
Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function?
nuclear pores - allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Subunits of ribosomes are manufactured in the
nucleolus
The building blocks of DNA and RNA found in the nucleus of the cell are known as the
nucleotides
In which of these organelles is chromatin found?
nucleus
The "control center" of the cell is the
nucleus
The major phenomenon and changes during cell division starts within the
nucleus
Transcription takes place in the __________ of the cell.
nucleus
Which of these organelles is surrounded by a double membrane layer that contains many pores?
nucleus
In simple diffusion, the rate at which a solute passes through a membrane depends on all of the following EXCEPT the
number of carriers in the membrane
DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules has
one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means that
only certain substances can pass into or out of the cell
The hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis is known as
osmotic pressure
The greater the concentration of a solute in a solution, the greater the
osmotic pressure of the solution
The function of the Golgi apparatus is
packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids
A protein that adheres to the intracellular face of the plasma membrane is called a(n)
peripheral protein.
All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT
phagocytosis
White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of
phagocytosis
Given these observations concerning a transport process into a cell: 1. ATP is required 2. does not exhibit saturation 3. solid particles are transported The transport process involved is
phagocytosis.
The largest percentage of molecules that make up the cell membrane are
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
In the fluid mosaic model, the double layer (bilayer) of molecules found in the cell membrane is made up of
phospholipids.
Part of a proprotein is cleaved off to make a functional protein. This describes
posttranslational processing.
Nucleoli
produce ribosomal subunits
Which is the longest and most complex phase during meiosis?
prophase I
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
protein synthesis
Which function is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis
Proteins of the plasma membrane serve all of the following functions except
pumping water out of the cell
Communication between cells occurs when chemical messengers from one cell bind to _______ on another cell.
receptor molecules
Insulin is removed from the bloodstream by the endothelial cells by which of the following methods?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Membrane proteins that aid in communications from other cells are
receptors
What change/s occur when red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
red blood cells lose water and shrink
The process of meiosis
results in the production of sperm cells or oocytes.
Endoplasmic reticulum can be smooth or rough. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is different from the smooth because it has _____ embedded in it.
ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it is called
rough ER
The process of DNA replication is
semiconservative in nature
The aroma of a cake baking in the kitchen reaches the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of
simple diffusion
The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Pasteur provided experiments that disproved which of the following ideas:
spontaneous generation.
Membrane phospholipids arrange themselves with their hydrophilic ends toward the _________ of the membrane and their hydrophobic ends toward the ________ of the membrane.
surface; center
If a carrier protein were to move both hydrogen and chloride ions from the inside of a cell to the extracellular fluid, and consume ATP in the process, it would be considered a(n)
symport system
Which of the following molecules contains the anticodon?
t-RNA
Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion? An increase in the
temperature
DNA synthesis occurs during
the S phase of interphase
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?
the lysosomes
The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that
the membrane has rigidity and flexibility
The larger particles do not move across the membrane because
the membrane is selectively permeable
The fluid mosaic model is a theory for the structure of
the plasma membrane
When a cell grows
the surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume
To study the smallest organelles and cellular components of cells _______________ is/are used.
the transmission electron microscope (TEM
Microvilli are characterized by all of the following except
they have a chloride pump.
In the DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with
thymine
The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (m-RNA) is known as
transcription
During the process of translation, __________ tRNA molecule(s) occupy(ies) the tRNA binding site(s) on a ribosome.
two
Which one among the following bases is present in RNA but NOT in DNA?
uracil
When a white blood cell engulfs a foreign particle with its pseudopods, it traps the particle in a bubble called a _______ in its cytoplasm.
vacuole
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called
voltage-gated channels
Osmosis is the diffusion of _______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
water