Chapter 3: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in agriculture 2. AI in Healthcare 3. AI in education 4. AI in Finance and E-commerce 5. AI in Gaming 6. AI in Data Security 7. AI in Social Media 8. AI in Travel &Transport 9. AI in the Automotive Industry 10. AI in Robotics: 11. AI in Entertainmen

Type two of AI

1. Reactive Machines 2. Limited Memory 3. Theory of Mind 4. Self-Awareness ​

Goals of Artificial Intelligence ​

1. Replicate human intelligence 2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks 3. An intelligent connection of perception and action 4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as: ✓ Proving a theorem ✓ Playing chess ✓ Plan some surgical operation ✓ Driving a car in traffic 5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user

Need for Artificial Intelligence

1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users. 2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner. ​

Type one of AI

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI 2. General AI: 3. Super AI

the emergence of intelligent agents The year 2006:

AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI

the Birth of AI The Year 1955

An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems

maturation of AI The year 1949:

Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence The year 2012

Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction

Semple AI application ​

I. Commuting II. Email III. Social Networking IV. Online Shopping V. Mobile Use

The emergence of intelligent agents the year 1997

In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence The year 2011

In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence The year 2014

In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."

7 Levels of AI

Stage 1 - Rule-Based Systems (perception) Stage 2 - Context Awareness and Retention (notification) Stage 3 - Domain-Specific Expertise (suggestion) Stage 4 - Reasoning Machines(Automation) Stage 5 - Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) (prediction) Stage 6 - Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) (prevention) Stage 7 - Singularity and Transcendence(situational awareness) ​

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence The Year 2018

The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well. ➢ Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine

maturation of AI The Year 1950

The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test. ​

The golden years-Early enthusiasm The year 1972

The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named WABOT-1.

Maturation of AI The year 1943:

The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm The year 1966

The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.

The Birth of AI The year 1956

The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time

The Hadoop file system is a

distributed file system that may run on a cluster of commodity machines, where the storage of data is distributed among the cluster and the processing is distributed too.

the emergence of intelligent agents The year 2002

for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.

Cloud computing is a general term that describes

the delivery of on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

✓ Mathematics ✓ Biology ✓ Psychology ✓ Sociology ✓ Computer Science ✓ Neurons Study ✓ Statistics ​

AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science, like

✓ Search and optimization ✓ Logic ✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning ✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods ✓ Neural networks ✓ Control theory ✓ Languages ​

Influencers of artificial intelligence ​

➢ Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data ➢ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures ➢ Cloud computing and APIs ➢ The emergence of data science ​

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

➢ High Accuracy with fewer errors: ➢ High-Speed: ➢ High reliability: ➢ Useful for risky areas: ➢ Digital Assistant: ➢ Useful as a public utility: such us self-driving car facial recognition, Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri ​

All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services and tools on the internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:

➢ IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud. ➢ Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS). ➢ Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud. ➢ Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.

How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:

➢ Observe and input the information or data in the brain. ➢ Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding environment. ➢ Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and evaluated.

Intelligence is composed of:

➢ Reasoning ➢ Learning ➢ Problem Solving ➢ Perception ➢ Linguistic Intelligence ​

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

➢ The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches. ➢ During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

➢ The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. ➢ Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective

A boom of AI (1980-1987)

➢ The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert. ➢ In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

➢High Cost: AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements ➢ Can't think out of the box: as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed ➢ No feelings and emotions: may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken. ➢ Increase dependence on machines: hence people are losing their mental capabilities ➢ No Original Creativity: cannot be creative and imaginative.