Chapter 3: Carbohydrates PrepU Quiz Questions

The nurse is reviewing a client's food log and calculating how many calories the client has consumed. The nurse knows that there are how many calories in a gram of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.

The nurse is teaching the client about healthy consumption of carbohydrates. The nurse is sure that teaching has been effective when the client makes what statement? a. "I should plan my intake to increase fiber and limit added sugars." b. "I should decrease intake of fiber and increase intake of complex carbohydrates." c. "My diet should replace carbohydrates with fruits and vegetables." d. "My carbohydrate intake should consist of 50% fiber and 50% simple sugars."

a. "I should plan my intake to increase fiber and limit added sugars." Explanation: For optimal carbohydrate intake, Americans are urged to increase their intake of fiber and limit consumption of added sugars. Decreasing the intake of fiber is not recommended. Total carbohydrate consumption should not consist of 50% fiber and 50% simple sugars. Fruits and vegetables are sources of carbohydrates.

The nurse is preparing to teach a class on the benefits of eating whole grains. The nurse is aware that eating patterns rich in whole grains are associated with a lower risk of which of the following health problems? a. cardiovascular disease. b. type 1 diabetes. c. renal disease. d. liver disease.

a. cardiovascular disease. Explanation: Studies show that diets rich in whole grains are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes and may aid in weight management.

A client has been brought to the unit with general complaints of nausea, fatigue, and anorexia. On assessment, the nurse learns that the client has not been eating well and has been eating mainly a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. The nurse is aware that which of the following may be occurring? a. ketosis b. glycolysis c. alkalosis d. acidosis

a. ketosis Explanation: Without adequate glucose, the body may use protein, and this can lead to ketosis. An increasing production of ketone bodies can cause nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and ketoacidosis.

When providing education regarding sugar alternatives, the nurse should include that some alternatives occur naturally but are not true sugars. Which of the following originate(s) in starches? a. polyols b. stevia c. sucralose d. aspartame

a. polyols Explanation: Polyols or sugar alcohols are produced from the fermentation or hydrogenation of monosaccharides or disaccharides. Most originate in sucrose or glucose and maltose in starches.

The nurse instructs a client on foods to increase total fiber intake to 25 grams/day. Which breakfast choice indicate that teaching has been effective? a. ½ cup all bran cereal, ½ cup skim milk, 1 slice whole wheat bread, sliced pear b. 1 cup oatmeal, ½ cup skim milk, blueberries and sliced banana c. Scrambled eggs, bacon, ½ cup sliced strawberries d. Buttermilk pancakes, maple syrup, bacon, orange slices

a. ½ cup all bran cereal, ½ cup skim milk, 1 slice whole wheat bread, sliced pear Explanation: The breakfast choice of all bran cereal, whole wheat bread, and a pear provides 18 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice of ½ cup strawberries provides 1.5 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with orange slices provides 4 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with oatmeal and banana provides 7 grams of fiber.

A non-diabetic client presents to the emergency room with a month-long history of nausea, fatigue, and increased urination. During the nurse's intake assessment, which client statement would the nurse investigate further? a. "I drink a lot of water during the day to stay hydrated." b. "I recently changed my diet to that one everyone swears by." c. "I get about 7 hours of sleep a night but sometimes I wake up for no reason." d. "Since the weather has been so nice, I have started exercising outside."

b. "I recently changed my diet to that one everyone swears by." Explanation: The nurse would further investigate the client's comment regarding the change in diet. Eating according to the Keto diet can cause an increased production of ketone bodies resulting in an accumulation in the bloodstream which in turn can cause nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and ketoacidosis. Exercising outside in the heat may cause short term fatigue and dehydration but would not be the result of the client's month-long symptoms. Drinking water to stay hydrated and sleeping 7 hours per night are not considered abnormal complaints and would not cause the nurse to investigate further.

The nurse is teaching a nutrition class to a group of adults. The nurse indicates that the Adequate Intake (AI) for total fiber is set at which of the following amounts? a. 20 g/day for women; 30 g/day for men b. 25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men c. 30 g/day for women; 20 g/day for men d. 38 g/day for women; 25 g/day for men

b. 25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men Explanation: The Adequate Intake (AI) for total fiber is set at 0.5 oz (14 g)/1000 calories or 0.89 oz (25 g)/day for women and 1.36 oz (38 g)/day for men.

The client is trying to eat a low-carbohydrate diet to lose weight. For lunch, the client had the following: 2 cups green salad, 1/2 cup cubed ham, 2 hard-boiled eggs, 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheese, 1 cup whole milk, 1 slice toast. Approximately how many grams of carbohydrates did this client consume? (Round to nearest whole number.) a. 40 grams b. 50 grams c. 60 grams d. 70 grams

b. 50 grams Explanation: According to MyPlate guidelines, the carbohydrate content of this meal is as follows: 2 cups green salad (20 g), 1/2 cup cubed ham (0 g), 2 hard-boiled eggs (0 g), 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheese (0 g), 1 cup whole milk (12 g), 1 slice toast (15 g). When added together, these equal 47 grams, or approximately 50 grams.

During a home visit the nurse notes that a client's stage 2 pressure injury is not healing as quickly as expected. Why should the nurse assess this client's intake of carbohydrates? a. They build new tissue b. They spare protein needed for healing c. They prevent further tissue breakdown d. They promote the development of ketosis

b. They spare protein needed for healing Explanation: As a primary source of energy, carbohydrates spare protein and prevent ketosis. Consuming adequate carbohydrate to meet energy needs spares protein from being used for energy. An adequate carbohydrate intake is especially important whenever protein needs are increased such as for wound healing. Carbohydrate does not build new tissue.

The nurse recognizes that nonnutritive sweeteners are produced from a variety of sources. One common sweetener is produced by combining amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. This common nonnutritive sweetener is called which of the following? a. sucralose b. aspartame c. acesulfame potassium d. saccharin

b. aspartame Explanation: Aspartame is made from the amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

When teaching about the path of glucose in the body, the nurse can explain that after it is absorbed into the intestinal mucosa, glucose travels next to which of the following body organs? a. brain. b. liver. c. muscles. d. kidneys.

b. liver. Explanation: Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and travel to the liver via the portal vein. They are then sent throughout the body, where they are used as energy.

The nurse recognizes that glucose, fructose, and galactose are also referred to as which of the following? a. trisaccharides. b. monosaccharides. c. polysaccharides. d. disaccharides.

b. monosaccharides. Explanation: Glucose, fructose, and galactose each contain a single molecule of sugar and are referred to as monosaccharides. Disaccharides contain two molecules of sugar, and polysaccharides contain long chains of molecules. There are no specific trisaccharides.

The nurse is concerned that a client is consuming an excessive amount of carbohydrates. It is important for the nurse to recommend eating pattern changes to the client in order to prevent an increase in which of the following? a. lipoproteins. b. triglycerides. c. ketone bodies. d. cholesterol.

b. triglycerides. Explanation: Any glucose remaining after energy needs have been met, glycogen stores have been saturated, and other specific compounds have been made is converted by the liver to triglycerides.

A nurse has been trying to teach a client newly diagnosed with diabetes how to interpret food labels and recognize sugars. The client is very upset. He understood about "glucose" but considered "fructose" to be safe to eat without monitoring the amount of intake. Which of the following would be an appropriate response from the nurse? a. "Perhaps you were thinking of dextrose?" b. "Perhaps you should take a note card with you next time." c. "Fructose is changed to glucose by the liver." d. "You should actually be avoiding glycogen"

c. "Fructose is changed to glucose by the liver." Explanation: It is important to remain nonjudgmental and validate the client's concerns. It is also important to continue teaching and reteaching without becoming impatient or angry with the client. Teaching the basic facts would be an important step. If the client continues not to understand, the nurse should evaluate the way in which the teaching is occurring and perhaps find a different way to share the information. Dextrose and glucose are interchangeable terms, both refer to the same type of monosaccharide. Glycogen is the animal (including human) version of starch; it is stored carbohydrate available for energy as needed. It cannot be consumed directly from food.

When providing education to a group of students, the school health nurse correctly states that around the world, the most commonly found nutrient in the human diet is which of the following? a. sugar. b. fats. c. carbohydrates. d. added sugar.

c. carbohydrates. Explanation: Globally, carbohydrates provide the majority of calories in almost all human diets.

The nurse who is providing education during a nutritional class shares that the individual body cells take only as much glucose as is needed for immediate energy. The nurse knows teaching has been effective when the students states the liver and muscle cells store excess glucose as which of the following? a. glucagon. b. galactose. c. glycogen. d. glucose.

c. glycogen. Explanation: Muscle and liver cells store extra glucose as glycogen. Glucose is used for energy and must be changed to be stored. Glucagon is the hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to lower blood glucose levels to signal the need to convert stored glycogen back into glucose. Galactose is a monosaccharide that is converted to glucose by the liver.

The nurse recognizes that carbohydrates are a class of energy-yielding nutrients that contain which of the following elements? Select all that apply. a. calcium b. nitrogen c. hydrogen d. carbon e. oxygen

c. hydrogen d. carbon e. oxygen Explanation: Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, arranged into basic sugar molecules.

The nurse educator is discussing the effects of the digestion process of starch in a nutritional health class. The class should understand that cooked starch begins digestion due to the action of which of the following? a. disaccharides. b. stomach acids. c. salivary amylase. d. pancreatic amylase.

c. salivary amylase. Explanation: Cooked starch begins to undergo digestion in the mouth due to the action of salivary amylase. This action is stopped by stomach acids. Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, where pancreatic amylase reduces the complex carbohydrates into smaller chains and disaccharides.

The nurse is seeing a client who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The client tells the nurse she does not want to consume chemical based nonnutritive sweeteners. Which of the following sugar alternatives should the nurse recommend? a. sucralose b. aspartame c. stevia d. saccharin

c. stevia Explanation: Stevia is produced from the stevia plant, an herb. The other choices are produced by mixing various chemicals.

A client is distressed because a weight loss diet that focused on glycemic load has not resulted in an appreciable reduction in weight. What should the nurse respond to this client? a. "That is unusual since a glycemic load diet does help with weight reduction." b. "The best way to lose weight on this diet is to vary the glycemic loads of foods." c. "Increasing the intake of high-fat foods promotes weight loss with this type of diet." d. "Unfortunately, claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes weight loss aren't proven."

d. "Unfortunately, claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes weight loss aren't proven." Explanation: Glycemic load is not a reliable tool for choosing a healthy diet, and claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes significant weight loss are unfounded. A glycemic load diet does not help with weight reduction. There is no evidence to support that varying the glycemic loads of foods promotes weight loss. High-fat foods may have a low to moderate glycemic index however eating them does not promote weight loss. A food's actual impact on glucose levels is difficult to predict because of the many factors influencing glycemic load.

The nurse recognizes a food's glycemic response is actually influenced by many variables. When measuring the glycemic index, all foods are compared against pure glucose with an index of how much? a. 75 b. 50 c. 25 d. 100

d. 100 Explanation: On a scale of 0 to 100 (glucose = 100), the glycemic index ranks carbohydrates based on how quickly they raise blood glucose levels after eating.

When providing nutritional information to a client seeking to make eating pattern changes, the nurse correctly states the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for total carbohydrate intake for adults is how much? a. 110 g/day. b. 150 g/day. c. 90 g/day. d. 130 g/day.

d. 130 g/day. Explanation: The RDA for total carbohydrate is set at 130 g/day for both adults and children.

The nurse recognizes that the most common monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms? a. 5 b. 7 c. 8 d. 6

d. 6 Explanation: The most common monosaccharides in foods are hexoses, which contain 6 carbon atoms.

A young mother is concerned about her children developing dental caries and is asking for appropriate suggestions to help prevent them. Which of the following is an appropriate suggestion for the nurse to offer? a. Brush your teeth twice a day. b. Chew gum with sucrose. c. Allow sodas only between meals. d. Avoid sugary items that stay in the mouth for a long time.

d. Avoid sugary items that stay in the mouth for a long time. Explanation: The client should avoid high-sugar items that stay in the mouth for a long time. Individuals should brush their teeth promptly after eating. Gum should be sweetened with polyols and not sucrose, which can be fermented by bacteria in the mouth and promote cavities. Soft drinks should be limited at all times.

The body depends on carbohydrates to provide energy. Which organ is totally dependent on glucose for energy? a. Colon b. Muscles c. Pancreas d. Brain

d. Brain Explanation: Although muscles use a mixture of fat and glucose for energy, the brain is the only organ dependent on glucose for energy. Neither the colon nor the pancreas requires glucose for energy. All digestible carbohydrates are fermented in the colon. The pancreas releases glucagon when a drop in blood glucose occurs.

A nurse is providing teaching to a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes. The nurse describes a phenomenon in which a food causes serum glucose to rise to an elevated level before returning to basline. The nurse recognizes that teaching has been effective when the client identifies what term as referring to this phenomenon? a. Glycemic load b. Glycemic index c. Glycemic indication d. Glycemic response

d. Glycemic response Explanation: The glycemic response is the effect a food has on the blood glucose concentration: how quickly the glucose level rises, how high it goes, and how long it takes to return to normal. The glycemic index is a numeric measure of the glycemic response of 50 g of a food sample. The glycemic load is a food's glycemic index multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate it contains to determine impact on blood glucose levels.

The nurse is explaining the different type of sugars to a client. The nurse correctly classifies maltose and lactose in which of the following sugar categories? a. polysaccharides. b. trisaccharides. c. monosaccharides. d. disaccharides.

d. disaccharides. Explanation: Disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Polysaccharides are starch, fiber, and glycogen. There are no trisaccharides.

The nurse is explaining to a group of college students how the body tries to maintain a steady supply of glucose for energy between meals. The nurse explains that the liver breaks down which substance to release glucose? a. glucagon b. sucrose c. galactose d. glycogen

d. glycogen Explanation: Liver glycogen breaks down and release glucose into the bloodstream between meals to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon is the hormone released by the pancreas to balance the action of insulin. Galactose and sucrose are types of carbohydrates.

The nurse recognizes that disaccharides are composed of two sugar molecules. The combination of glucose and fructose creates: a. galactose. b. maltose. c. lactose. d. sucrose.

d. sucrose. Explanation: Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose. Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules. Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose. Galactose is a monosaccharide.