Chapter 3 CELLS Study Questions

microvilli

used for absorption, increases the surface area of the cell, contains the brush border enzymes of the intestines

motile cilia

used to move fluids on outer surface of cell, utilizes rhythmic movement, uses ATP for movement, contains molecular motors

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes; causes swelling

Which membrane bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis

- centrosomes - ER (CORRECT) - Golgi Complex - Intracellular vesicles - lysosomes

which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier

- diffusion - facilitated diffusion - osmosis - passive - ACTIVE (CORRECT)

Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following used by the cell

- enzymes - DNA - Fat - Glucose - ATP (CORRECT)

which of the following is true regarding a sodium ion channel

- it allows the entry of the ligand into the cell - IT ALLOWS THE DIFFUSION OF SODIUM IONS DOWN ITS OWN CONCENTRATION GRADE (CORRECT) - it occurs with the help of G proteins - it occurs only after ATP hydrolysis - it allows the diffusion of sodium ions against its own concentration grade

which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane

- osmosis - facilitated diffusion - VESICULAR TRANSPORT (CORRECT) - Passive transport - simple diffusion

a ligand can bind to a(n) ______________ on an ion channel

- sodium ion - RECEPTOR (CORRECT) - glycoprotein - phospholipid - ATP pump

nonmotile primary cilia

-used for sensation -located in the inner ear, nasal cavity, and retina as sensory receptors

ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. Ligand are the chemicals that stimulate receptors

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

axoneme

A structure found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella and responsible for their motion; composed of two central microtubules surrounded by nine doublet microtubules (9 + 2 arrangement).

Integrins

A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

What do cuboidal cells look like?

Cells that are about as tall as they are wide.

What do columnar cells look like?

Cells that are slender and taller than they are wide.

which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis

ER

A cell placed into which solution will LOSE water by osmosis?

HYPERTONIC

the diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane is called

OSMOSIS

Tonicity

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.; the ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.

What do squamous cells look like?

They are flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape.

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

a protein that participates in transmembrane transport

carrier

the golgi complex is composed of about 6 flattened membrane sacs called

cisternae

What do epithelial cells do?

cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs

what is the branch of biology that investigates cells called

cytology

Passive transport

diffusion, filtration, osmosis, movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, movement down a concentration gradient

A substrate binds to a receptor site forming the ________________ complex and releases products following catalysis of the chemical reaction.

enzyme-substrate

the plasma membrane is impermeable to ions

even though sodium ions are always moving in their solutions, they cannot cross the membrane without an open sodium ion channel

in which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space

exocytosis

Integrins bind materials or cells in the _____________ matrix and use them to move through space.

extracellular

microvilli

folds of membrane; may have actin core

which factors would INCREASE the rate of diffusion

increased surface area, increased concentration difference, decreased molecular weigh of diffusing compound

A _____________________ channel allows a constant flow of sodium through the plasma membrane down its own electrochemical gradient.

leaky sodium

A __________________ channel allows for discriminatory permeability of solutes only at designated times.

ligand-regulated

cytoplasm parts

membrane-enclosed enzymes used to hydrolyze cellular components, the powerhouse of the cell (mitochondria), the clear gelatinous component of the cell, the organelle responsible for sorting and packaging proteins (golgi complex), the network of proteins filaments and cylinders that structurally support the cell

Placing a red blood cell in an isotonic solution

no change

what is the large centrally located organelle visible with a light microscope called

nucleus

which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton

peripheral

Active transport

pinocytosis, vesicular transport, sodium-potassium pumps, movement UP a concentration grade, receptor mediated endocytosis

Hemoylsis

placing a red blood cell in distilled water, placing a red blood cell with an ICF concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution with 0.1% NaCl (LESS THAN), HYPOTONIC

Crenation

placing a red blood cell into a HYPERTONIC solution, placing a red blood cell with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution of 1.5% (MORE THAN) NaCl

What is the function of the mitochondria?

produce ATP in the cell via cellular respiration

cell membrane parts

proteins that allow ions to enter and leave the cell, extensions that serve primarily to increase the cells surface area, hairlike processes that may function as antennae and or aid in motility, proteins whose surfaces contact both the ICF and ECF, the fuzzy coat made of glycolipids and glycoproteins

Insulin, a hydrophilic compound, binds to a _______________ site on the cell's extracellular surface, causing activation of a second messenger system on the cell's interior.

receptor

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

regulates transport and modifies newly synthesized proteins

small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis

ribosomes

which 3 organelles are NOT surrounded by membranes

ribosomes, centrioles, centrosomes

what are three mechanisms of carrier mediated transport

secondary active transport, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport

cilia

short hairs with axoneme cores

flagellum

single long structure with axoneme core

Circulating plasma antibodies recognize a ______________________ as "self" and thus do not initiate an immune response.

surface glycoprotein

what is the function of the rough ER

synthesis proteins for the secretion, insertion into the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes