Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function (BIO201)
When mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds, what do they transfer it to for use by the cell?
ATP
What can the shape of smooth muscle cells, with a long tapered appearance, be described as?
Fusiform
What kind of protein are cell receptors sometimes linked to in an intracellular peripheral protein? They are named because they obtain their energy from guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
G Protein
What is the membrane coating called that is chemically unique in everyone but identical twins?
Glycocalyx
What is the glycocalyx primarily composed of?
Glycolipids
What is the organelle indicated by the arrow called?
Golgi Complex
What is the organelle responsible for generation of ATP for the cell?
Mitochondria
What are the 4 statements that describe the aspects of the modern cell theory?
-An organism's structure and all of its function are due to the activities of its cells -Cells have many structural similarities -Cells come from preexisting cells -Organisms are composed of cells
What are the three cellular structures that contain double and/or triple sets of microtubules?
-Centrioles -Flagella -Cilia
What are three organelles that are not surrounded by membranes?
-Centrosome -Ribosomes -Centrioles
What are some examples of passive transport?
-Facilitated Diffusion -Osmosis -Filtration -Passive Diffusion
What are the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?
-Facilitated Diffusion -Primary Active Transport -Secondary Active Transport
Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what regions?
-Hydrophobic Regions -Hydrophilic Regions
What are the types of molecules that readily diffuse through a cell membrane?
-Lipid-Soluble Molecules -Nonpolar Molecules -Hydrophobic Molecules
What are the three types of protein structures contributing to the cytoskeleton?
-Microtubules -Intermediate Filaments -Microfilaments
What are the three types of endocytosis?
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis -Phagocytosis -Pinocytosis
What are some factors that would INCREASE the rate of diffusion
-Small molecular weight of diffusing compound -Large cellular surface area -Larger concentration difference
What mechanisms are required for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP?
-Vesicular Transport -Active Transport
What kind of carrier carries two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?
Antiport
Movement of water across renal tubules can be increased or decreased. In their membranes, the tubular cells are able to do this, depending on the number of water channels which are also known as?
Aquaporins
What are the channels of transmembrane proteins specialized for the passage of water called?
Aquaporins
What is the structural basis for ciliary movement?
Axoneme
What do amphiapathic phospholipids arrange themselves into to form the plasma membrane?
Bilayer
What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport?
Carrier
What is the group of glycoproteins found on the cell's surface which allow the body to recognize the cell as one of its own?
Cell-Identity Marker
What is cytology the study of?
Cells
Two of what are located in a small area of cytoplasm called the centrosome?
Centriole
What is the molecule primarily responsible for stiffening the cell membrane?
Cholestrol
What is composed of fine threads of DNA and protein?
Chromatin
Sensory cells in the nose have non-motile what that bind odor molecules to trigger the sense of smell?
Cilia
What are motile, with power and recovery strokes?
Cilia
What will be found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain? These aid in moving fluids or cells through these structure.
Cilia
What are the 6 flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi complex composed of?
Cisternae
What is the cell shape shown in the image?
Columnar
Robert Hooke coined the term cellulae after viewing what material under his microscope?
Cork
What is the cell shape indicated by the pointer?
Cuboidal
What is formed from ATP and is the most common second messenger?
Cyclic AMP
What is the fluid contained in the cells known as?
Cytosol Fluid
What does the diffusion rate do as the molecular weight of a substance increases?
Decreases
What is the process of movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the lungs and the blood and between the blood and the tissues?
Diffusion
What is the process of oxygen passing into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung?
Diffusion
Red blood cells are examples of what cell shape?
Discoid
In what direction is the gradient moving from a region of high to low concentration?
Down
What do voltage-regulated gates respond to change in across the plasma membrane?
Electrical Potential
What does the electron microscope use a beam of instead of light and allows biologists to see the cell's ultrastructure?
Electrons
What is the general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell?
Endocytosis
What is the membrane-bound organelle that is the site of protein and lipid synthesis?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is said when the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one point to the next?
Exhibits a Concentration Gradient
What is the process that involves a secretory vesicle fusing with a cell membrane and releasing its contents to the extracellular space?
Exycytosis
What is the process of using a carrier to passively transport a substance through a membrane down its concentration gradient?
Facilitated Diffusion
What is the whiplike structure similar to a cilium but with a longer length?
Flagella
What is the propulsion of a cell?
Flagellum
Will the osmotic pressure be higher or lower the more non permeating solute present in the solution?
Higher
What is the branch of biology that investigates cells?
Histology
What pressure is known as the force generated by a liquid such as blood or tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic Pressure
What is a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluids of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage?
Hypertonic Solution
What solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells?
Hypotonic Solution
What type of solution will swell and burst due to water being pulled into the cell, when the cell is placed in it?
Hypotonic Solution
What filaments are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments and participate in cell-to-cell adhesion?
Intermediate Filaments
What are the transmembrane proteins or protein clusters with pores that allow water AND dissolved ions to pass through the membrane called?
Ion Channel Proteins
What are the integral proteins of the cell membrane that allow ions to pass through the membrane called?
Ion Channels
What solution creates no change in cell volume or shape when cells are placed in it?
Isotonic Solution
What is the membrane-bounded organelle containing a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles?
Lysosome
What are the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements?
Microfilaments
What is the most useful unit of measurement for cell size?
Micrometer
What are the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?
Microtubule
What has a brush border; role in absorption
Microvili
The brush border on the apical surface of cells is composed of cellular extensions comprised of actin are called?
Microvilli
What is the pair of membranes then enclose the nucleus and contain prominent pores that allow traffic of molecules between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm?
Nuclear Envelope
What is the structure that is the site of ribosome production?
Nucleoli
What is the control center of cellular activity?
Nucleus
While expressing osmotic concentrations, what is one mole of dissolved particles?
One Osmole
What is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water?
Osmolality
What is the number of osmoles per liter of solution?
Osmolarity
What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient, through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the organelle that contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins?
Peroxisome
What is the process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell referred to as?
Phagocytosis
Along with associated proteins, what can the majority of the plasma membrane be described as a bilayer of?
Phospholipids
What is the process whereby a cell can take in LARGE droplets of ECF (water molecules), that is needed by the cell?
Pinocytosis
What is the process of solute being moved up its concentration gradient, using ATP?
Primary Active Transport
What type of transport is the functioning of the Na-K pump (or NaK ATPase), that affects only the transport of Na+ and K+?
Primary Active Transport
What type of osmosis is the process of mechanical pressure being applied to one side of the membrane while driving water through the membrane against its concentration gradient called?
Reverse Osmosis
Proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted from cells are produced at the what of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes
What are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins?
Ribosomes
What is the organelle characterized by flat sacs studded with ribosomes?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The binding of a compound to a cell-surface receptor may result in the activation of another compound within the cell which, in turn, causes an alteration in cell function. What kind of messenger is this compound within the cell?
Second Messenger
What is cyclic AMP known as?
Second Messenger
What is the following an example of? Sodium-glucose transports (SGLTs) do not directly use ATP. But their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell: The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport "drives" the transporter, bringing both Na and glucose into the cell.
Secondary Active Transport
What type of membrane is one that allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?
Selectively Permeable
What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to that particle to a region of lower concentration?
Simple Diffusion
What is the organelle indicated in the figure?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the cell shape shown in the image?
Spheroidal
What are cells that are thin an flat, such as found in the walls of the alveoli of the lungs described as?
Squamous Cells
What can the scanning electron microscope only view?
Surface Features
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes Proteins
What do all cells trace their ancestry to?
The Same Cells
Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of non permeating solutes as does the intracellular fluid?
To avoid changes in the cell volume or pressure
What is the ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell?
Tonicity
What is the action that is responsible for a substance being taken up at one side of a cell and being released from the other side? This allows substances to be transported across an entire cell.
Transcytosis
What are proteins that extend through the membrane called?
Transmembrane Proteins
When the transporters (carriers) are saturated, transport of the molecule being carried levels off at a rate called?
Transport Maximum
What is a carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time?
Uniport
In what direction is the gradient moving from a region of low to high concentration?
Up
What is the process of large particles and fluid droplets moving across the cell membrane?
Vesicular Transport
A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by what molecules?
Water Molecules
What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement?
cytoskeleton
