Chapter 3, Federalism
Disapproval over unfunded mandates is most common among those who want:
to reduce the power of the federal government
regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government.
Unfunded mandates
a centralized government system in which lower levels of government has little power independent of the national government.
Unitary system
In ___, the Supreme Court reinterpreted the commerce clause, changing it from a check on national power to a course of national power.
1937
Congressional grants paid for ____ percent of the development of an interstate highway after WWII.
90
When the national government appropriates money to the states but simultaneously demands the authority to dictate its distribution, this money is identified as:
A grant-in-aid
When state and local governments must conform to costly regulations or conditions in order to receive grants but of not receive reimbursements for their expenditures from the federal government is called?
An unfunded mandate
Federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent.
Block grants
Federal officials seeking to give state governments more authority are most likely to support:
Block grants
A federal grant for states to afford increasing health care facilities would be an example of:
Categorical grant
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law.
Categorical grants
Which level of government is not mentioned at all in the Constitution?
City government
The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV is also referred to as the:
Comity clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes" ; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy.
Commerce clause
Chartering banks is a ________ power, because both federal and state governments have the authority to do it.
Concurrent
authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes.
Concurrent powers
When the national government funds a project that is actually implemented by states, it is an example of:
Cooperative federalism
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aids have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as "intergovernmental cooperation"
Cooperative federalism
The process of returning more of the responsibilities of governing from the national level of government to the state level is known as?
Devolution
____ describes the strategy of delegating a policy program to a lower level of government.
Devolution
a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments.
Devolution
Many of the debates concerning federalism reflect:
Differing views about the ultimate goal of government itself
Nations that adopt a federal arrangement tend to have:
Diverse ethnic or language groups.
The relationship between the states and the national government from 1789 to 1937 is known as:
Dual federalism
the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments.
Dual federalism
To what does the term New Federalism refer?
Efforts to return more policy-making discretion to the states through the use of block grants
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was important because it:
Established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce.
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
Expressed powers
Which term describes the division of powers between the national government and the state governments?
Federal system
a system of government in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government such as states.
Federal system
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
Federalism
Which nation does not have a strong federal system?
France
Which president presided over the New Deal?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The ____ clause of the Constitution requires that states should normally recognize the laws, acts, and judicial decision of other states.
Full faith and credit
Which constitutional clause requires that states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions of other states?
Full faith and credit clause
provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state.
Full faith and credit clause
The form of federal assistance called ___ provides money to state governments with no strings attached.
General revenue sharing
the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments.
General revenue sharing
Which Supreme Court case has not limited federal power?
Gibbons v. Ogden
Which of the following tools has the federal government used in the past to create similarities across the states?
Grants-in-aid
programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government
Grants-in-aid
If a state grants a city the ability to govern its own local affairs, this delegation of power is known as:
Home rule
Many states have amended their constitutions to guarantee that large cities will have the authority to manage local affairs without interference from state government. This power is called:
Home rule
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs.
Home rule
During the Great Depression, a camp of unemployed individuals who had lost their homes was referred to as:
Hooverville
powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such power are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers.
Implied powers
The term "marble cake" federalism is meant to refer to what development?
Intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of government.
How has the structure of federalism made way for the longevity of the U.S. government?
It has allowed for many divisive policy decisions to be made by states, rather than the national government. It has kept the national government small and aloof throughout most of America's history. It has allowed states to develop in numerous and different ways.
What is the main purpose behind the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV?
It prevents a state from discriminating against nonresidents.
Why was the Supreme Court case United States v. Lopez important?
It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress outlined under the commerce clause.
Who wrote the Supreme Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Odgen?
John Marshall
In which case did the Supreme Court create the potential for increased national power by ruling the Congress could use the necessary and proper clause to interpret its delegated powers broadly?
McCulloch v. Maryland
The source of an implied power under the Constitution is the _______ clause.
Necessary and proper
provision from Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution providing Congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed power.
Necessary and proper clause
attempts by president Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants
New Federalism
Which of the following describes constitutionally permitted relationships between states?
No state shall enter into a contract or agreement with another state without the approval of Congress.
A state's authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called _____ power.
Police
power reserved to the state governments to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
Police power
The principle that allows the federal government to take over areas of regulation formerly overseen by states or local government is called?
Preemption
the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack.
Preemption
When Alaska passed a law in the 1970s that gave state residents preference over nonresidents in obtaining work on oil pipelines, this law violated the:
Privileges and immunities clause
provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or given its own residents special privileges.
Privileges and immunities clause
A ___ requires states and local governments to submit proposals to the federal government and compete for funding.
Project
derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states
Reserved powers
The 10th Amendment of the United States Constitution addresses:
Reserved powers.
Which president was the first to promote New Federalism?
Richard Nixon
Which of the following is not a contractual topic between states?
State passport requirements
the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War
States' rights
Which constitutional amendment has been used to restrict the scope of authority by the federal government over the states?
Tenth
Why was Massachusetts's decision to recognize gay and lesbian marriages such a controversial issue of federalism?
The Constitution requires all states to honor and recognize the official acts of other states.
Which statement best describes the Supreme Court's trend in interpreting federalism since the mid-1990s?
The Court has limited the power of the national government over the state governments.
Federal laws concerning crime mostly deal with:
The District of Columbia and other federal territories
Which event was most influential in the rise of a more active national government?
The Great Depression
Which of the following is an example of the police powers of state government?
The establishment and funding of a system of criminal law The regulation of health codes Laws establishing curfews
How did the traditional system of dual federalism establish a "commercial republic"?
The function of the federal government was to promote and assist commerce.
What was one effect of dual federalism during the early Republic?
The national government was spared the task of making difficult policy decisions, such as the regulation of slavery, because the states did it themselves.
A state government's authority to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens is frequently referred to as?
The police power
What was the "Southern Manifesto?"
The refusal by southern congressmen in 1956 to obey Supreme Court decisions outlawing racial segregation.
Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?
The state government
During the era of dual federalism, what was the primary goal of the federal government's domestic policies?
To assist the development of commercial activity within and between states.
What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?
To limit the powers of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals
Tenth Amendment
Which amendment to the Constitution stated that the powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states were "reserved to the states"?
When both state and national governments possess a certain level of authority, it is called:
a concurrent power.
During most of the 19th century, Congress used its powers to _______ commerce.
facilitate
In a federal system a majority of governmental responsibilities are:
shared by both state and federal authorities
Over the course of American history, the federal government has grown:
stronger