Chapter 3: Learning and Memory

positive punishment because the bank is adding a fee to reduce the incidence of late payments

A credit card compnay begins applying an interest rate to credit card accounts in response to late payments. This is an example of:

generalization

A person suffers from food poisoning after eating a spoiled orange, and later finds that the smell of lemon and other citrus fruits make her nauseated. This is an example of:

Pressing the lever slowly at first, but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches

A rat is trained to press a lever to obtain food under a fixed-interval schedule. What behavior would the rat most likely exhibit?

A.

A researcher uses a partial-report procedure after presenting participants with an array of nine numbers for a fraction of a second. Which of the following is the most likely result of this procedure? A. The participants will be able to recall any of the rows or columns in great detail but only immediately after presentation. B. The participants will only be able to recall the first few numbers in the array due to serial position affect. C. The participants willl be able to recall approximately seven of the numbers for a few seconds following presentation of the stimulus. D. The participants will not be able to recall any of the numbers verbally, but will be able to draw the full array under hypnosis.

Peg-words

An individual memorizes a shopping list by associating each item with an image that corresponds witha number. This individual is using what type of mnemonic?

Yes

Does neuroplasticity decrease with age?

conditioned stimulus

Many pets will run toward the kitchen when they hear the sound of a can opener opening a can of pet food. The sound of the can opener is a:

Increased startle response to the buzzer

Researchers repeatedly startle a participant with a loud buzzer. After some time, the participant stops being startled by the buzzer. If the researchers interrupt the study with the sound of pans banging together, what would likely be observed?

TRUE

T/F: Recognition of inofrmation is stronger than recall of information.

FALSE

T/F: retrieval of information is often NOT based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network.

Semantic

What method of encoding is most conducive to later recall?

C. II and III only

Which of the following is an example of a circumstance that could cause a state-dependant recall effect? I. The individual is outside on a rainy day. II. The individual is high on marijuana. III. The individual is in a manic episode. A. I only B. III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

B. Knowing the parts of a car engine

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? A. Having the ability to drive a car B. Knowing the parts of a car engine C. Remembering the experience of learning to drive D. Associating a car with other vehicles in a semantic network

A. I only

Which of the following is true of teaching an animal a complicated, multistage behavior? I. The individual parts of the behavior should not run counter to the animal's natural instincts. II. The behaviors must be tied to a food reward of some kind. III. Rewarding individual parts of the behavior on their own interferes with reinforcement of the entire behaviors. A. I only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

It always requires active attention to the information being encoded.

Which of the following methods of encoding is most conductive to later recall? -It is the means through which information enters short-term memory. -Information that requires controlled processing cannot become automatic. -It always requires active attention to the information being encoded. -Most information we can later recall is encoded using controlled processing.

avoidance learning

Which of the following processes would increase the likelihood of a behavior? A. Extinction B. Negative punishment C. Positive punishment D. Avoidance learning

C.

Which of the following would be most likely to be stored in long-term memory? A. A list of nonsense words B. A list of the dates of birth of 15 randomly selected people C. A list of the names of musicians in an individual's favorite bands D. A list of dates of battles in the Peloponnesian War

B.

Which of the following would elderly individuals be most likely to have trouble recalling? A. The circumstances of meeting his or her significant other in college B. A doctor's appointment scheduled for 1:00 PM C. The names of the characters in his or her favorite television show D. That a library book needs to be returned when passing by the library on a morning walk.

classical conditioning

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repitition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

sensory and short term memory

are transient and are based on neurotransmitter activity

operant conditioning

behavior is changed through the use of consequences

encoding

can be automatic or effortful

dishabituation

can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus

punishment

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

semantic networks

how are facts stored

reinforcement

increases the likelihood of a behavior

associative learning

is a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

semantic encoding

is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding

observational learning or modeling

is the acquisition of behavior by watching others

habituation

is the process of becoming used to a stimulus

encoding

is the process of putting new information into memory

long term memory

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity

working memory

requires short term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information

Long-term potentiation

responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory, is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting form increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites.

explicit (declarative) memory

stores facts and stories

implicit (nondeclaritive) memory

stores skills and conditioning effects