Chapter 3 n 6

The central nervous system consists of:

brain and spinal cord

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

The _ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

Hyperpolarization means that the

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to

only the right visual field

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Which of the following regions in the brain is involved in the ability to make plans, think creatively, and take initiative?

frontal lobes

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype;bb

The myelin sheath is made from

glial cells

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Peter had an injury that caused damage to his brain. As a result, he can longer form new memories about people he meets or information he learns. Which part of Peter's brain is most likely damaged?

hippocampus

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

In order for learning to occur; reinforcement should be given _ a behavior occurs

immediately after

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels _ inside the cell.

increase

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

One example of _ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

The _ is described by some people as the brain's "fear center"

amygdala

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of _ learning

associative

_ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

beta-endorphin

In _ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

When Medusa comes when her name is called she receives a piece of food. What operant conditioning technique does this demonstrate?

positive reinforcement

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a â tracerâ and then enters the scanning machine. What time of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

_ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

range of reaction

a clicker is considered a

secondary/conditioned reinforcer

Damage to the occipital lobes may result in difficulty with:

sight

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

Sensory and motor neurons of the _ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substania nigra; dopamine

The _ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the

synapse

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing

temperature, touch, and pain

The _ of a neuron contain _ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will _

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Brocaâ s area

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following demonstrates a continuous reinforcement schedule?

Godzilla receives a piece of food every time he comes when called.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

A signal or cue that reinforcement is forthcoming if a behavior occurs is known as:

a discriminative stimulus

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gageâ s accident , which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwym getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

According to psychologist _ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS

Rescorla

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _ and _.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes;DNA

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Which of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for

depression

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?

digestion functions become for active

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine;norepinephrine

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over very long periods of time are studied by

evolutionary psychologists

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction