Chapter 3: Perception

Recognition works through:

componential recovery

Vision starts with the:

eye

(Componential Recovery) Recognition will be bad in proportion to the number of geons that are:

missing

Perception does not reflect:

reality

Componential Recovery:

recognition will be good to the extent that you can recover the geons of an object

Any object can be represented in terms of geons well enough to be:

recognized

Initial sensory representations are patterns in the initial sensory activation that are:

recognized and constantly perceived (perception)

Bottom-up processing is related to:

transformation

2 perceptions:

1. bottom-up processing 2. top-down processing

(Top-down) Size constancy is also responsible for some interesting illusions:

2 rats are the same size but the top one is perceived as larger because of the distance cues that it is farther away

How many geons are there?

36

The image is described as having _____ dimples and _____ indentations:

8; 5

Recognition-by-components Theory was made by:

Biederman 1985

Dalmation example:

Used your knowledge of what Dalmatian looks like in order to construct a perception of a Dalmatian in those black blobs

Sensation:

absorbing raw energy (e.g. light waves, sound waves) through our sensory organs

The perception of an apple holds true for:

all properties of an apple: shape, and texture. General ideas; all of these are products of your perception (creation, theory of reality) and make it up just like the Dalmatian

(Top-down) Light-from-above Heuristic:

an assumption of light coming from above affects how patterns are recongnized

(B-up visual processing) Simple cells respond best to_______, with different cells coding for ________:

an oriented bar; different orientations (oriented bar)

When the geons of an object were obscured, subjects were _____ at recognizing the object:

bad

More geons leads to a:

better theory of what the input might be because you extract more geons from it

How does your perceptual system build an apple?

bottom-up processing (start with an input and then go up)

Perception is built piece-by-piece, with the final percept being the _______ from all these cells:

combination of neural signals

The apple is just a bunch of:

complex blobs of organic molecules just like humans are

Because there are many possible combinations, any object can be represented in terms of its:

component geons

Perception is a:

construction

Transduction:

conversion of environmental energy into neural activation/signals (AP)

Examples of geons:

cylinders, rectangular solids, cones, pyramids, etc.

The physical reality of the world is very _____ from what we perceive:

different

(B-up visual processing) End-stopped cells again code for:

different attributes

(B-up visual processing) In complex cells, different cells code for:

different direction of motion

Connecting the same geons in different ways may yield:

different objects

Transformations in IPM are required because there are these representations that are so ______ and ______ that you can't get there computationally in one step:

different; far apart

(B-up visual processing) Once you have oriented bars, you have:

edges (done by primary visual cortex)

(B-up visual processing) The transformation of simple cells results in the:

extraction of edges

(B-up visual processing) These cells work together as _______, providing simple ________ visual pattern analysis important for_______:

feature detectors; low-level; object recognition and parts of objects

(B-up visual processing) The photoreceptors communicate their signals to the:

ganglion cells

Different objects are represented by combining different:

geons

You need multiple transformations to be able to mediate the increasing:

higher level task

The tree example had orientation feature detectors creating tree percept to recognize objects as trees. The idea here is that general object recognition occurs in the same way but for the kind of:

higher-level objects that we can recognize in our temporal lobe. We need more complex feature detectors (more than just orientation). Biederman advances greater complexity with geons

(Top-down processing) Size Constancy example:

if you hold two quarters at two different distances from your eye, they aren't perceived as having different sizes because your perception compensates for the different distances

When the geons of an object were available for recovery, recognition was:

improved

If light is coming from above, this pattern would have to be ______ in the sand:

indentations

If you saw a dalmatian, that is just your:

interpretation, you came up with a theory of a dalmatian in the figure

Perception is your _____ or _____ of something:

interpretation; theory

These transformations from sensory processing (the start), which is how energy from out in the world/environment gets:

into/converted into our brain/neural energy

(LFAH) Shades disks are perceived as either:

jutting out or indentations

(B-up visual processing) End-stopped cells code for bar ____ and ______, in addition to ____ and _______:

length; width; orientation; direction of motion

(B-up visual processing) End-stopped cells code for bar _____ and _______, in addition to _______ and _______:

length; width; orientation; direction of motion (short moving bar)

(B-up visual processing) Light reflects off an object and enters the eye, where it is focused by the:

lens to create an image on the retina

Information Processing is when you transform _____ representation in terms of patterns in the world and transform these representations into abstract ____ representations capable of mediating cognitive behavior and controlled action:

low-level sensory; higher-level

Your try to attach ___ to these patterns:

meaning

If a plane in memory is represented using 9 geons, then the 3-geon plane will produce a:

mismatch, resulting in poorer recognition

Steady systematic elaboration of the visual input starts off simple but with each stage (new neuron) becomes increasingly more:

more abstract just as the bottom-up perceptive is suggesting these cells in a sense build percept of apple piece by piece (1.edges (simple), 2. motion (complex)(apple falls), apple color and all these cells give you an apple)

Bottom-up visual processing is not limited to simple orientation and analysis and applied to:

more complex everyday objects

Piece together lower-level analysis to create:

more complex objects

If light is coming from above and turn the picture upside down, then this pattern would have to be _____ in the sand:

mounds

If you didn't have knowledge of what a dalmation looked like, then you would:

never have perceived a dog because there was no dog in the physical stimulus

A low-level process acts on the sensory representation to create a:

new, slightly more abstract representation

Is an apple red?

no

You can imagine apples, and dream of apples (red) but there is:

no apple actually there

If that did not exist (dalmatian) then there is:

no chance to experience a dalmatian in that image because there was no dalmatian there. If you perceived it, it was a construction

Your perception of the apple is:

not its physical reality

(B-up visual processing) Recognition-by-components Theory:

object recognition results from matching a visual pattern to 3D features called geons

(B-up visual processing) The axons of the ganglion cells leave the eye as the:

optic nerve

Example of IPM:

ordering a pizza, the ad is the numbers of the pizza place. The numbers come into the visual system as lines but somehow that visual info about the digits transforms into a sequence of finger movements to order the pizza

(B-up visual processing) Complex cells code for bars of a particular ______ moving in a particular _______:

orientation; direction

(B-up visual processing) Simple cells respond best to an ______, with different cells coding for _______:

oriented bar; different orientations

Even the objects and their properties we perceive only exist in:

our brains and don't have a physical reality

(B-up visual processing) Complex cells code for bars of a _____ moving in ________:

particular orientation; particular direction (oriented moving bar)

The apple is red to you because you:

perceive the apple as red

Another process acts on this one to create an even more abstract representation, and so on until the:

percept is constructed

"Red" is a ______, it exists _______:

percept; only in your brain

General knowledge or assumptions can affect ______ of objects:

perception

Top-down processing:

perceptions are assembled from pre-existing knowledge or expectations or memories, and are less directly tied to the stimulus

Bottom-up processing:

perceptions are assembled systematically from a series of analyses of the stimulus

(B-up visual processing) The retina is a sheet of cells at the back of your eye containing the:

photoreceptors

Perception is built:

piece-by-piece

(Componential Recovery) Subjects slower in recognizing the 3-geon object as a:

plane

Each cell contributes its neural signal to a:

population of neural activity creating the apple

(B-up visual processing) From the optic nerve, the information eventually reaches the _______ in the brain:

primary visual cortex

Perception:

selecting, organizing, and interpreting these sensory signals to create some "theory" of reality

Absorption is what type of transformation?

sensation; the point where energy in an environment such as light activates receptors in the sensory system, (photoreceptors in retinas)

Your brain attempts to make sense out of the patterns of energy in the world transduced by the:

sensory systems

The primary visual cortex transforms the neural signal from the eyes to create visual patterns is done by ____, _____, and ________ cells:

simple; complex; end-stopped (Hubel and Wiesel)

How geons are ______ is also important:

spatially connected

Perception is based on the _______ of these transformations:

subset

(Top-down) Object Recognition:

the context of a scene provides top-down cues as to the identity of a visually degraded object

(B-up visual processing) Example with tree:

the simple V1 detectors, the trunk pattern engages a V1 cell tuned for vertical line, and up the tree are other V1 cells more responsive to horizontal lines. The bottom-up approach combination of pop activity is what creates your rep/perception of this tree object

The image of black blobs demonstrates the process of:

theorizing (coming up with an interpretation to finds a pattern in an input)

Light-from-above heuristic is this type of processing:

top-down processing

Object recognition is this form of processing:

top-down processing

Size constancy is this form of processing:

top-down processing

(B-up visual processing) Photoreceptors are the light-sensitive neurons responsible to:

transducing light energy into neural firing

(Top-down) In object recognition, the same patterns (pixels) are recognized as:

two different objects based on differing scene contexts

(Top-down) With object recognition, when the scene context is removed, both patterns become:

unrecognizable

(B-up visual processing) The primary visual cortex transforms the neural signal from the eyes to create:

visual patterns

Geons are ____ used to represent objects for _______:

volumetric features; recognition

Red-green color blindness misses one of 2 photo receptors that cause them to perceive apples to be:

yellow instead of red

Objects and their properties exist in _____, not in the ________:

your brain; physical world

Previous exposure/knowledge of dalmatians guides:

your perception to build a dalmatian in that image