Chapter 3 Philosophy Study Guide
disjunctive syllogism
Vocab Either p or q Not p Therefore q
disjunctive syllogism
Vocab Either we light the fire or we will freeze We will not light the fire Therefore, we will freeze
modus ponens
Vocab If Spot barks, a burglar is in the house Spot is barking Therefore, a burglar is in the house
deductive and inductive
Arguments come in what two forms?
modus ponens, modus tollens, hypothetical syllogism, disjunctive syllogism
Four valid forms
invalid argument
Vocab a deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion
disjunctive syllogism
A valid argument form: Either p or q Not p Therefore, q
all A are B
Sentence A "universal affirmative" is a statement of the form...
true premises and a false conclusion
Sentence A deductively valid argument cannot have:
If P then Q; P; Therefore, Q
Sentence Modus Ponens has this argument pattern:. If P, then Q
search for credible premise
Sentence The first step in investigating possible implicit (unstated) premises is to:
if P, then Q
Sentence The form of a Conditional Statement is: P, Q
if p, then q; q; therefore, p
Sentence The invalid argument form known as affirming the consequent has this pattern: if p, then q
if all a are b, then q
Sentence Which of the following is a variation on a Conditional Statement? A and B
if p, then q; not p; therefore, not q
Sentence The invalid argument form known as denying the antecedent has this pattern: If p, then q
true
True or False A "sound" argument cannot have a false conclusion; all sound arguments have true conclusions.
true
True or False A valid argument could have false premises and a false conclusion.
true
True or False An invalid argument could have true premises and a true conclusion
false
True or False Because of the guarantee of truth in the conclusion, inductively strong arguments are said to be truth-preserving.
true
True or False Only a small portion of a passage may contain statements that serve as the premises and conclusion.
true
True or False The argument form Modus Tollens is always valid
false
True or False The first statement in a conditional premise is known as the consequent.
false
True or False The following argument is valid: "If the governor does a good job, then the economy will improve. The economy has improved. Therefore, the governor did a good job."
affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent
Two invalid forms
truth-preserving
Vocab A characteristic of a valid deductive argument in which the logical structure guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true
syllogism
Vocab A deductive argument made up of three statements- two premises and a conclusion
modus tollens(denying the consequent)
Vocab A valid argument form: If p, then q Not q Therefore, not p
modus ponens (affirming the antecedent)
Vocab A valid argument form: If p, then q p Therefore, q
hypothetical syllogism
Vocab A valid argument made up of three hypothetical, or conditional, statements If p, then q If p, then r Therefore, if p, then r
deductive
Vocab An argument intended to provide logically conclusive support its conclusion is:
strong
Vocab An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable, but not conclusive, logical support for its conclusion is said to be:
denying the antecedent
Vocab An invalid form: If p, then q Not p Therefore, not q
affirming the consequent
Vocab An invalid form: If p, then q q Therefore, p
hypothetical syllogism
Vocab If Ajax steals the money, he will go to jail If Ajax goes to jail, his family will suffer Therefore, if Ajax steals the money, his family will suffer
modus tollens
Vocab If it's raining, the park is closed The park is not closed Therefore, it's not raining
hypothetical syllogism
Vocab If p, then q If q, then r Therefore, if p, then r
denying the antecedent
Vocab If p, then q Not p Therefore, not q
modus tollens
Vocab If p, then q not q Therefore, not p
modus ponens
Vocab If p, then q p Therefore q
affirming the consequent
Vocab If p, then q q Therefore, p
affirming the consequent
Vocab If the cat is on the mat, she is asleep She is asleep Therefore, she is on the mat
denying the antecedent
Vocab If the cat is on the mat, she is asleep She is not on the mat Therefore, she is not asleep
disjunctive syllogism
Vocab The following argument form is a variation of which logical pattern? Either P, or Q, or R, or S. Not P and not S. Therefore, Q or R.
modus tollens
Vocab The following argument form is a variation of which logical pattern? If All A are B, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not all A are B.
valid argument
Vocab a deductive argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion
sound argument
Vocab a good argument which gives you good reasons for accepting its conclusion
cogent argument
Vocab a strong inductive argument with all true premises
conditional statement
Vocab an "if-then" statement, it consists of the antecedent(if) and the consequent(then)
inductive
Vocab argument intended to provide probable support for its conclusion (not conclusive)
weak argument
Vocab inductive argument that fails to provide probable, logical support for its conclusion
strong argument
Vocab inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable, logical support for its conclusion
antecedent
Vocab the first part of the conditional statement (if p, then q)
consequent
Vocab the part of a conditional statement( if p, then q) introduced by the word "then"
No
Yes or No Can a sound argument have a false conclusion?
Yes
Yes or No Can a valid argument have a false conclusion?
Yes
Yes or No Can a valid argument have all false premises?
No
Yes or No Can an invalid argument have true premises and conclusion?
No
Yes or No Can you have a valid argument with T premises and F conclusions?
