Chapter 3 Psych 2314
The generic term for both ovaries and testes is __________ .
gonads
Reese is anatomically female, but did not develop breasts or menstruate at puberty and needed hormone therapy. Reese was most likely born with:
Turner syndrome
Color blindness is considered a sex-linked disorder because the gene is only carried on the __________ chromosome.
X
The genes that cause sex-linked disorders are found on the:
X chromosome.
What is the term used to describe cells that unite at conception?
Zygotes
Phillip has red hair, which comes from a recessive gene. This must mean that Phillip received the gene from:
both parents.
Conception takes place in the __________ .
fallopian tube
Infants who acquire HIV from their mothers typically become ill within the first __________ of life.
two years
Meko has dark hair and dark eyes, even though his biological mother is fair-skinned. Meko's hair and eye color are part of his:
phenotype
Where does the fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy?
Fallopian tubes
A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 inches and weighs about one pound. Using ultrasound, it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female. In which stage of development is this fetus?
Fetal
Which fetal assessment technique involves inserting a tiny camera into the womb?
Fetoscopy
involves the insertion of a tiny camera into the uterus.
Fetoscopy
What is the difference between gametes and all other body cells?
Gametes contain only 23 chromosomes; other body cells contain 46.
Which of these genetic disorders usually does not express symptoms until adulthood?
Huntington's disease
The nucleus of the majority of typical human cells contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs
Approximately what percent of congenital disorders result from harmful genes or faulty chromosomes?
30%
All neonates below __________ are classified as having low birth weights.
5.5 pounds
Low birth weight infants (LBW) are those that weight less than:
5.5 pounds at birth.
Which of these statements defines genomic imprinting?
A chemical label that identifies whether a gene came from one's father or mother
Gordo's father has type A blood and his mother has type O blood. What will Gordo's blood type be?
A or O
Which of the following terms explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system?
Cephalocaudal pattern
How are newborn infants affected by medications given to the mother during the birthing process?
Infants whose mothers received analgesics or anesthetics during labor are usually more sluggish, spend more time sleeping, and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth
Amber is taking Accutane (Vitamin A) for her adult acne, but she thinks she is pregnant. What advice should she follow?
It is best to see her physician as soon as possible to determine whether or not the drug is safe.
Which statement is true of a trait that is passed through mitochondrial inheritance?
It is passed from a mother to her children.
Which of the following is the most common sex-chromosome anomaly?
Klinefelter syndrome
Which of the following is an example of the differential expressivity of genes?
Linda received a dominant gene for freckles from her father, but Linda's freckles are smaller, lighter, and more widely scattered than those of her father.
Which of the following correctly summarizes sex differences in physical maturation?
Male fetuses are larger and grow more rapidly than female fetuses do.
Compared to other infants, low birth weight infants (LBW) display:
markedly lower levels of responsiveness at birth and in the early months of life
Which of the following is a commonly used prenatal diagnostic procedure?
Alpha-fetoprotein test
Phenylketonuria is an example of which of the following?
An autosomal disorder
Most sex-linked disorders are caused by which of the following?
Recessive genes
Lead is an example of a __________ .
teratogen
When collapsed blood vessels can no longer carry blood to and from the baby via the umbilical cord during delivery, what condition has occurred?
Anoxia
When does a developing infant begin to respond to sound?
13-16 weeks
Alina notices that her fetus has begun to kick and move. Her physician tells her that she can hear a heartbeat with a stethoscope. Alina is most likely at what point in her pregnancy?
17-20 weeks
The embryonic stage of gestation occurs during the first __________ of pregnancy.
2-8 weeks
Which of the following is a correct statement about the events leading up to conception?
After ejaculation, sperm travel the following path: the woman's vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube.
Not long after Gloria found out she was pregnant, she began having pain. When she went to her physician, she was told that the zygote had implanted in her fallopian tube rather than in her uterus. What type of pregnancy is this?
An ectopic pregnancy
Synapses are formed following the development of which of the following neural structures?
Axons and dendrites
Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk for bearing a child with trisomy 21?
Bernice, age 45
Skylar has brown eyes, thin lips, and curly blonde hair. Which of the following traits is polygenic?
Brown eyes
Gina appeared to be a healthy pregnant woman but her baby was born with central nervous system damage, and later it was determined that the child was completely deaf and has intellectual disabilities. Which of the following would be the most likely cause?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Which of the following is the final stage of labor?
Delivery of the placenta
receive information into the body of a neuron, whereas __________ carry that information along the length of the neuron.
Dendrites / axons
Diseases that appear later in life (such as cancer or heart disease) may be a result of which of the following?
Deterioration of genomic imprints
Which stage of pregnancy begins when implantation is complete and continues through organogenesis?
Embryonic stage
Which of the following is a sexually transmitted disease that can be passed to the fetus during vaginal birth?
Genital herpes
Which of the following terms describes an individual's unique genetic blueprint, which is created from genes contributed by both parents?
Genotype
A blastocyst is floating inside of Daria's uterus. In what stage is Daria's pregnancy?
Germinal
Which of the following correctly lists the stages of prenatal development in order of progression?
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
Which of the following is a condition that can cause a baby to grow too rapidly and result in premature labor or an infant that is too large for a vaginal birth?
Gestational diabetes
cells hold neurons together and give shape to neural structures.
Glial
Which of the following are "glue" that holds neurons together to give shape to the brain's major structures?
Glial cells
Corrado was born a mere 10 minutes ago. His latest Apgar score is 3. What does this indicate about Corrado's health and functioning?
He needs immediate medical attention, as he is almost certainly in critical condition
Which is a correct statement about the influence of heroin and methadone upon prenatal and infant developments?
Heroin or methadone use can cause miscarriage, premature labor, and death of the infant
Which of the following is an autosomal dominant-gene disorder?
Huntington's disease
Chromosomes are composed of which of the following?
Molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid
Which of the following is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy?
Movements of the fetus
Which of these terms describes physical traits that are influenced by both genes and the environment?
Multifactorial
Janae and Sean are siblings who come from a family with a history of anxiety. Janae is somewhat anxious but generally takes things in stride. Sean, however, is always worried about his health, his job, and his family even when there is no cause for concern. Which of the following concepts explains these differences between Janae and Sean?
Multifactorial inheritance
Samson is taller and has a higher IQ than either of his biological parents. Which of the following factors would explain this?
Multifactorial inheritance
Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from The Cat in the Hat studies?
Newborn infants respond to sounds that they heard during the last trimester of development
Sandi has begun the labor process. Her physician concludes that the baby is in a breech position, with its feet poised to be delivered first. What course of action is the physician likely to recommend for Sandi?
Performing a cesarean section to deliver the baby
What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait?
Polygenic inheritance
Which of the following is a sex-linked recessive chromosome?
Red-green color blindness
Which of the following statements is true regarding prenatal sex differentiation?
Sex differentiation begins between 4 and 8 weeks of gestation.
disease is an autosomal disorder most often seen in people of West African descent.
Sickle-cell
Which of the following aspects of neonatal functioning is assessed by the Apgar scale?
Skin color
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
The child may have mild intellectual disabilities
Which of the following risks to an infant is associated with maternal malnutrition?
The development of mental illnesses in adulthood
Which statement summarizes the current understanding of the effects of maternal cocaine use on fetuses and infants?
The effects are not clearly understood because it is difficult to separate the effects of cocaine from those of poverty and other drugs
Emily has smoked an average of one pack of cigarettes per day throughout her pregnancy. How is this likely to affect her fetus?
The infant may weigh less than normal at birth.
Which of the following is formed from cells from the outer layer of the blastocyst and the uterine wall?
The placenta
Which of the following accounts for sex differences in susceptibility to problems in prenatal development?
The placentas of female fetuses are larger and better developed than those of male fetuses, which provides greater protection to females from negative external influences
Which of the following describes neuronal proliferation?
The rapid increase in the formation of neurons, which takes place between 10 and 18 weeks of gestation
Which of the following is an example of the proximodistal pattern of development during the prenatal period?
The spinal cord develops before the arms.
Which of the following is true of identical twin studies?
The study of monozygotic twins is important because it helps us, to some extent, identify genetic versus environmental contributions to behavior.
Which of the following is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene?
The trait will be expressed even if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair are different
Which of the following happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?
The zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus.
What is the prognosis for children born with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18?
They rarely live past infancy.
Amelia is becoming emotionally attached to her unborn fetus. Her breasts are secreting colostrum. Amelia is most likely in which trimester of pregnancy?
Third
What is a trisomy?
Three copies of a specific autosome
Pregnant women should eat foods high in folic acid, such as beans or spinach, during pregnancy. What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation?
To reduce the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
Which of the following is true regarding prenatal infection with HIV?
Transmission is more likely when the mother has AIDS rather than merely being HIV positive
Down syndrome is also known as:
Trisomy 21
Nadia is exposed to high levels of radiation during the 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of gestation. Which organ structures in the fetus are most likely to show abnormalities?
Virtually all organ systems are vulnerable during this time
Under what circumstances will a recessive gene be expressed?
When it is paired with another recessive gene for the same trait
At what point does the fetal period begin?
When the process of organogenesis is complete
Children born to Japanese mothers who were pregnant during the bombing of Hiroshima displayed varying effects of disorders after birth. This variation can be explained in terms of __________ periods of development.
critical
The fetus begins to respond to light during the __________ stage of prenatal development.
fetal
An infant who is born with low birth weight, flattened nose, hearing loss, and heart defects is likely suffering from __________ .
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Blake carries two dominant genes for brown eyes. Blake is therefore __________ in his eye color chromosomes.
homozygous
Prenatal care is especially critical during the first 8 weeks of gestation because __________ is taking place.
organogenesis
Organogenesis is:
the process by which the basic structures of the embryo's organs, organ systems, and body parts are completed.