Chapter 3 psychology

Denise has damaged her auditory nerve and now has difficulty understanding what people are saying. Which of the following descriptions explains how that damage impairs her hearing?

Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain.

the existence of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the ________ theory of color vision

a).opponent-process

focuses on light in the back of the eye (retina)

lens

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of synesthesia?

Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation.

which is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in?

e). hammer, anvil, stirrup

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition?

Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa.

Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are

c). photons and waves

Transforms sound into neural message

cochlea

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception?

Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision?

Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense?

Semicircular canals

-receives light that the lens has focused -converts light into neural signals

retina

Part of the ear that helps maintain balance

semicircular glands

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system?

sensation

the point at which a person can detect a stimulus of the time it is presented is called the

a). absolute threshold

_______ is a term used to refer to difficulties in hearing

a). hearing impairment

which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light

a). pitch

ringing or buzzing sensations in the ears may be a sign of

a).noise-produced hearing damage

peoples tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called

a. a perceptual set

the cocktail party effect shows

a. how people have the ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli

one cultural factor that influences perception is the

a. level of technological development

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size regardless of its distance from the viewer is

a. size constancy

An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to ________.

a.olfactory bulb

If you stared at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case except for the tiny vibrations of your eye called

b) saccades.

vibrating molecules in that air are called

b).sound waves

which theory proposes that above 400 Hz but below 4,000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation

b).volley theory

closure is the tendency to

b. complete figures that are incomplete

Which Gestalt principle is at work in the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together"

b. similarity

A recent review of studies on ESP using the ganzfeld procedure concluded that ______.

b.no convincing evidence for psychic ability emerged from the majority of studies

the "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the ________

c) papillae

The membrane stretched over the opening to the middle ear is the

c) tympanic membrane.

Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called

c. binocular cues

which is the best description of the vestibular senses?

c. having to do with movement and body position

what might be the best explanation of motion sickness, according to your textbook

c.human evolutionary history in that poisons make us dizzy, so when motion makes us dizzy we try to expel the poison

focuses light as it passes through

cornea

allows light to shine through

pupil

lets light into the eye

pupil

cochlear implants bypass the

b) outer and middle ear

muscles change size to control light

iris

entryway for sound waves

ear canal

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying?

Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

Kimmie stood on the sidewalk rather than crossing the street because she saw that the approaching car was quite close to her. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

Depth perception

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

According to the gate control theory of pain, which of the following contains a neurological gate that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain?

Nociceptors

Helena did not recognize her English teacher when she unexpectedly saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Helena can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept?

Perceptual set

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations?

Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses?

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Which of the following concepts refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs due to constant exposure to that stimulus?

Sensory adaptation

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear?

She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection?

The cochlea

Orville is talking with his friends at a cafeteria table when suddenly he is distracted by hearing his name at a neighboring table. Orville's shift of attention most clearly illustrates which psychological concept?

The cocktail party phenomenon

Which of the following is the best definition for absolute threshold?

The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome?

The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.

Bryan perceived a duck instead of other animals when viewing an ambiguous image because he watched a documentary about ducks the previous night. Which of the following best explains why Bryan perceived a duck?

Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience.

If a severe ear infection damages the bones of the middle ear, you may develop _______ hearing impairment.

d) conduction

The most important role of sensory receptors is to

d).convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use

the muller-lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are

d. buildings with a lot of corners

in gate-control theory, substance P

d. is similar in function to endorphins

which of the following is true about cones

e). they are found mainly in the center of the eye

An automobile manufacturer has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alternates horsepower one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase on a 200 horsepower car when it reaches 220 horsepower. How much horsepower must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference?

e).15

When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the

e).cornea

the ________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1000 Hz

e).place

We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the _______.

e. otolith organs

role is to move sound

ear drum

protects the eye

eyelid

controlls the diameter and size of the pupil; amount of light reaching the retina

iris

changes focal distance of the eye

lens

sends info to brain

optical nerve (blind spot)

the three bones in ear

ossicles

first part of ear that reacts with sound

pinna