Chapter 3: psychology

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Central Nervous System

(Brain and Spinal Cord)

Peripheral Nervous system

(Connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body).

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine; hormone B. endocrine; neurotransmitter C. neurological; hormone D. neurological; neurotransmitter

A. endocrine; hormone

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

C. somatic It is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS; therefore, it consists of motor neurons and sensory neurons

What causes action potential and what does it do?

Begins at a "threshold of excitement" and causes changes in voltage across membrane

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex; forebrain B. fissures; folds C. folds; grooves D. grooves; folds

C. folds; grooves

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system that controls emotions, like aggression and fear, and the formation of emotional memory

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

Hypothalamus

Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones

Occipital Lobes

Two lobes at the back of the brain responsible for vision (visual cortex) and visual perception

Frontal Lobes

Two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control (motor cortex), speech production in left lobe (Broca's area), and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory

Parietal lobes

Two lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted (somatosensory cortex)

Temporal Lobes

Two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in audition (auditory cortex), language comprehension in the left lobe (Wernicke's area), memory, and some emotional control

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

Corpus Callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

What connects the brain and the spinal cord.

the pons Hindbrain structure involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming

Axon

Major extension of the soma

How many neurons are in the brain?

100 billion

How many neural connections are in the brain?

100 trillion

Medulla

: Hindbrain structure responsible for vital, automatic functions, such as respiration and heartbeat

Synapse

A small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? A. audition B. pain C. touch D. vision

A. audition

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? A. breathing B. emotion C. memory D. reasoning

A. breathing the cerebral cortext is associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

A. cerebellum cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. The cerebellum is also thought to be an important area for processing some types of memories. In particular, procedural memory, or memory involved in learning and remembering how to perform tasks

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A. depression B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Parkinson's disease D. schizophrenia

A. depression

Terminal Buttons

Axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A. acetylcholine B. beta-endorphin C. GABA D. norepinephrine

B. beta-endorphin Potential effect on behavior: Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A. fast; a short duration B. fast; long lasting C. slow; a short duration D. slow; long lasting

B. fast; long lasting

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A. feel someone touching her hand B. groan and move her eyes C. hear someone talking to her D. speak in simple words

B. groan and move her eyes

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary pituitary gland descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and acts in close association with it. The pituitary is often referred to as the "master gland" because its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system, although it mostly carries out instructions from the the endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________. A. receptors; nothing, since they do not bind B. receptors; receptors C. receptors; the cell membrane D. the cell membrane; receptors

B. receptors; receptors Agonists: chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site and, thus, strengthen its effects. Antagonist: blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus? A. audition B. smell C. taste D. vision

B. smell thalamus is a major sensory relay center, All of our senses, with the exception of smell, are routed through the thalamus before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons; terminal buttons B. dendrites; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is not a part of the "fight" in fight or flight response? A. adrenaline surges into the bloodstream B. heart rate and blood pressure increases C. pupils dilate D. running away

D. running away is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities;

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal

D. temporal

Myelin sheath

Fatty substance that insulates axons

Cerebellum

Hindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition

Dendrite

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers of the nervous system that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood

Reuptake

involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon terminal from which it was released.

The nervous system

is composed of two basic cell types: Glial cells (also know as glia) and neurons. Glial cells: outnumbers neurons ten to one, are traditionally through to play a supported role to neurons, both physically and metabolically Neurons: Serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the task of the nervous system.