Chapter 30-31 Art History

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. occupied the first half of the nineteenth century. The Romatics had an admiration of nature and openly expressed this freedom of thought through emotional experiences. Romanticism is not limited to a specific style but envelops a wide array of styles. The art of Romanticism is filled with drama, often portrayed through historical events; beauty found within the natural human figure as well as landscape and still life; genre scenes of modern life; and through the artist's imagination, where subconscious thoughts of dreams are translated into images

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be, was a movement that developed in France during the second half of the 19th century. Realists focused their attention on the experiences and sights of everyday life and disapproved of historical and fictional subjects. What people could see for themselves were "real". Gustave Courbet was the leading artist in the Realist movement. He believed that an artist had to "rely on direct experiences" to be considered a Realist. Courbet said "I can't paint an angel because I've never seen one". Courbet, rejected by the Paris Exposition of 1855, set up his own exhibition space, calling it the "Pavillion of Realism" where he presented his modern work.

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. was a reaction against the excesses of the Rococo, an art of the aristocracy.

grand manner portraiture

A type of 18th-century portrait painting designed to communicate a person's grace and class through certain standardized conventions, such as the large scale of the figure relative to the canvas, the controlled pose, the landscape setting, and the low horizon line., style of portrait painting, a type of historical or mythological portraiture.

daguerreotype

An early photographic process that makes a positive print on a light-sensitized copperplate; invented and marketed in 1839 by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre.

The French Academy

It was established in 1648 for the purpose of controlling art in France and included a network of provincial schools in Rouen, Marseilles, Dijon, and Tours. Art was intended to extend the nation's prestige beyond politics and military glory and was intended to establish a hegemony in the arts and crafts. Eventually it housed the best artists in the world.

Jacques-Louis David was known as the master of "Neoclassical Art". What does that mean?

Napolean embraced the Neoclassical style and chose Jacques-Louis David as First Painter of the Empire. When Napolean rises to power, David becomes a strong supporter. He picked David not just because the artist's personal skill but Neoclassicism that appealed to Napoleon. David retains the structured composition central to the Neoclassical style and records how Napoleon might have appeared as he led his troops over the Alps in Italy. Napoleon is represented in the Grand Manner. David was a popular political artist who was influential and had a huge following of students.

history painting

Paintings based on mythological or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art. They generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style, •In England, Benjamin West is known for a style of painting that was based on depicting historical events that had actually occurred called

What are the general characteristics of the "Romantic" painters? What became an important source of inspiration for their work?

Romanticis had an admiration of nature and openly expressed this freedom of thought through emotional experiences. though, Romanticism is not limited by one style but many styles. this art is filled with drama, often through historical events; beauty found within the natural human figure as well as landscape and still life; genre scenes of modern life; and through the artist's imagination, where subconscious thoughts of dreams are translated into images. These artist got their themes from history, literature, and religion, and charged them with emotion, realism, impressionism. and subsequent artistic movements grew out of a reaction to what the romantics had begun. The main inspiration cam from the events and ideologies of the French Revolution.

The "Rococo Style" is said to have begun in France around the year 1700. Briefly describe this style of work.

Some examples of the Rococo style were sinuous curves, glided molding and mirrors and floral ornament. These were some of the features of the Rococo Styles. It's new softer style. It developed in France after the death of Louis XIV and is closely linked with the reign of Louis XV. A Rococo painting can have a rich, luch, pastel color and softened light. Overall, this painting style has soft colors and curvy lines. It depicts scenes of love, nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted entertainment, and youth.

The British "Royal" Academy

Strict code of rules based on Classicism. Uphold grand manner portraying heroic figures in idealized settings w/ancient roman trappings. Founded 1768 under sponsorship of King George III Reynolds was the first president Neoclassicism considered the most prestigious style

avant-garde

Term derived from the French military word meaning "before the group," or "vanguard." Avant-garde denotes those artists or concepts of a strikingly new, experimental, or radical nature for their time.

Rubenistes vs. Poussinistes

The Poussinistes favored form that was created by rules. Drawing and line qualities were most important and the art created had to be art that appealed to the mind or intellect. The Rubenistes (followers of Rubens) favored color as the most important element in art. The Rubenistes said that while drawing was important, it was based more on Reason and therefore only appealed to those who were knowledgeable about art - the privileged few, but color appealed to everyone and anyone, therefore it was more democratic, more for the everyday people.

"intrigue" painting

The Swing is classified as one. a group that encompasses paintings of men and women in what were considered scandalous and therefore acceptably flirtatious situations.

calotype

The first photographic process utilizing negatives and paper positives; invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in the late 1830s.

Pavilion of Realism

The gallery that Gustave Courbet created to display 40 his own works; a temporary structure that he erected next door to the official Salon-like Exposition Universelle., A gallery Courbet created after being rejected from Universal Exhibition

How did the painting style of Ingres differ from that of Delacroix? Briefly explain

These two painters are seen often embodying the conflict between the era's tradition-based neoclassicism and non-conformist Romanticism. They are French painters that dominate the Paris art world for twenty five years. Ingres considers himself the master of the line and placed drawing as a superior medium over painting, But, Ingress did not always practice what he preached. He emphasizes linear contour and also displays a richness of tonalities found in the color. Delacroix was the master of color and paint. His love of poetry and literature, along with using contemporary historical events, supplied him with many subjects. He stages these exciting and disturbing human events that are sometimes real and often imaginary. He epitomizes Romantic painting in that there is no hesitation in exploring diverse subjects and moods that display energy and emotionalism. The style of his where the brushwork remains separated is considered to be the opposite of both Ingres and David. This is not surprising that Delacroix and Ingres remained enemies.

Who were the "Ruben"istes and the "Poussin"istes? Briefly describe.

Two groups competed for the power of the French Academy. These two groups were the Poussinistes and the Rubenistes. The poussinists liked form that was created by rules. Drawing and line qualities were most important and the art created had to be art that appealed to the mind or intellect. The Rubenistes like color as the most important element in art. The Rubenistes said that wile drawing was important, it was based more on Reason and therefore only appealed to those who were knowledgeable about art, but color appealed to everyone and anyone, therefore it was more democratic, more for the everyday people.

"Grand Tour"

a pilgrimage of aristocrats, wealthy and diplomatic persons to tour the important area of Europe to obtain the knowledge and classical culture. helped fuel, that exhibited a return to "reason".

aquatint

an intaglio printmaking process that uses melted rosin or spray paint to create an acid-resistant ground, technique allows the printmaker to work with these tonal gradations on the metal plate.

Rococo

combines the Italian word barocco (an irregularly shaped pearl, possibly the source of the word "baroque") and the French rocaille (a popular form of garden or interior ornamentation using shells and pebbles) to describe the refined and fanciful style that became fashionable in parts of Europe during the eighteenth century.

"morality" tales

folk tales that teach a lesson about life or how to live it, are intended to teach in a satirical way, by bad example, solid middle class "virtues".

the "color patch"

large and visible brushstrokes, e rough brushstrokes with abrupt change in tonality

féte galante

meaning elegant fétes and entertainments that appealed to the upper class society.

the "sublime"

of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe, •Delacroix restores to painting the "feeling" of pleasure seen in the "terrible" (the sublime) and continues to expand the possibilities of Romantic art by developing themes and form with even greater emotional power.

hŏtel

the elegance of Parisian town-houses. the elegance of Parisian town-houses. Interiors such as Boffrand's are an example of the undulating exterior surfaces of such Baroque architects as Borromini brought indoors, only on a much smaller scale and with much greater delicacy of surface structure

Johann Joachim Winckelman

was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. "The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology"

"Enlightenment"

was a new way of thinking about the world and about humankind, independent of religion, myth, or tradition. They embraced the doctrine of progress.