Chapter 30- The Americas in the Age of Independence

machismo

values of male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness, and cunning in Latin American Society

US North

viewed succession as betrayal, fought against slavery, industrializing, free labor, won the Civil War

Indian Removal Act of 1830

US government moved all native Americans west of the Mississippi River into Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Seminoles moved to Florida, Cherokees migrated 800 miles to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears

Louisiana Purchase

United State's purchased it from France, US doubled in size

Canadian Independence Background

came as the government gradually agreed on general principles of autonomy, British Canadians and French Canadians were two groups separated in society, originally colonized by trappers and settlers New France passed into the British empire after British victory i the Seven Years War, French Canadians outnumbered British Canadians until the late 18th century so British observed French culture

railroads

connected area, helped with trade, saved time and space, economy was boosted, new inventions

Latin American exports

copper and silver from Mexico, bananas and coffee from Central American, rubber and coffee from Brazil, beef and wheat from Argentina, copper from Chile, tobacco and sugar from Cuba, competition lower prices, control over industries and exports remained in foreign hands, their industries had decisions made for them by foreign investors and unstable governments couldn't intervene

La Reforma

led by President Benito Juarez, aimed to limit military and Roman Catholic Church power in Mexican society, The Constitution of 1857 set forth it's ideals, challenged some of the fundamental conservatism of Mexican elites

Ponciano Arriaga

leftist liberal, voiced demands for land reform on behalf of the Mexican masses, reflecting the broader problem of land control throughout Latin American societies, spoke about troubles from aristocratic monopolies

US Investment in Canada

less than British investment, but grew to owning 30% of all Canadian industry

British Investment Capital

this investment in the US was crucial to early stages of industrial development by helping businesspeople establish a textile industry, spurred expansion of US industry by funding entrepreneurs who opened coal and iron mines, built iron and steel factories, and made railroad lines, flow of investment was consequence of Britain's industrialization which brought wealth, stable states and colonies were invested in by the British, US was rival power that helped create a rival industrial power

Colonel George Armstrong Custer

thousands of Lakota Sioux and allies beat an army under his command in the Battle of Little Bighorn in southern Montana

Mexico City

under Porfirio Diaz it transformed, paved streets, streetcar lines, electric streetlights

Adela Zamudio

Bolivian poet, wrote "To Be Born a Man" in 1887 said that talented women couldn't vote but ignorant men could, women's rights movement

golondrinas

"swallows", Italian merchants who traveled annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons

The Civil War

11 southern states withdrew from the union in 1860-1861, different views in north and south, many people died in the war

John George Lambton

1782-1840, issued the Durham Report, first earl of Durham and recent governor-general and lord high commissioner of Canada, advocated self-government in Canada

General Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna

1797-1876, caudillo who got power because of political turmoil after the Mexican-American war

President Benito Juarez

1806-1872, led liberal reform movement La Reforma, Mexican of indigenous ancestry, called for liberal reform and a rural middle class, conservatives forced his government out of Mexico City until 1861, to lessen financial issues, he suspended loan payments to foreign powers which led to French, British, and Spanish intervention as Europeans sought to recover and protect their investments in Mexico, kept order after Napoleon's invasions but there was still political divisions

Abraham Lincoln

1809-1865, his election sparked war between the states 1861-1865, convinced slavery was immoral, insisted that his primary goal was to restore the union not attack slavery, concerned about this and assimilating 4 mil slaves into the society, Civil War

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

1811-1888, Argentine president who identified with Europe, despised caudillo rule that emerged after independence and worked for development of the best society based on European values, "Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism" (1845) argued that Buenos Aires needed to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentine countryside, influenced by the Enlightenment, admired gauchos but said that urban residents and not ranchers should make society's decisions

John A. Macdonald

1815-1891, first prime minister of Canada, moved to incorporate pall of British North America into the Dominion, negotiated purchase of hug he Northwest Territories from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and persuaded regions to join the Dominion, believed the Dominion was just symbolic until the government made Canada truly independent, oversaw construction of a transcontinental railroad

Maximilian

1832-1867, Austrian archduke, appointed emperor by Napoleon, killed by a Mexican firing squad,

Louis Riel

1844-1885, leader of the metis and indigenous of western Canada, president of a provisional government in 1870 since Canadian government threatened local land rights, captured Fort Garry and incorporated Manitoba into the Dominion, Canadian government exiled him and he wandered through the US and Quebec, asked by metis to lead resistance to the Canadian Railroad and British Canadian settlement, 1885 organized force of metis and native and led the Northwest Rebellion, executed for treason by Canadian government

Mexican-American War

1846-1848, called "la intervencion norteamericano" in Mexico or "la guerra del 47", US forces started the war and defeated the Mexican army, thousands died

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

1848, US took possession of 1/2 of Mexico's territory, payed 15 million dollars in exchange for Texas

Reconstruction

1867-1877, political and social program that extended civil rights to freed slaves and provided black men with voting rights, black and whites in southern states elected biracial governments for the first time in US history and freed slaves participate in political affairs

Porfirio Diaz

1876-1911, dictatorial general who ruled Mexico, encouraged industrialization,railroads and telegraphs under his rule, Mexico City transformed, profit went to foreign investors not industrialization, revolution in 1910

Francisco (Pancho) Villa

1878-1923, charismatic agrarian rebel like Emiliano Zapata who organized armies fighting for land and liberty, son of a field worker, had popular support, attacked and killed US citizens in retaliation for US support of Mexican government officials, couldn't capture major cities, killed in 1923

Emiliano Zapata

1879-1919, charismatic agrarian rebel like Francisco (Pancho) Villa who organized armies fighting for land and liberty, son of a mestizo peasant, had popular support, confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing lands to peasants, couldn't capture major cities, killed in 1919

Northwest Rebellion

1885 organized force of metis and native led by Louis Riel, Canadian forces made an army and executed Riel for treason

Wounded Knee Creek

1890 in South Dakota whites wanted native Sioux beliefs of the Ghost Dance (an afterlife without whites) to be gone, here a Sioux man accidentally fired a god and cavalry overreacted and slaughtered more than 200 people, represented where "a people's dream died"

The Mexican Revolution

1910-1920, middle-class Mexicans joined with peasants and workers to overthrow the powerful dictator Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915), violent effort in Latin America to topple the unequal system of land estates where 95% of peasants were landless, guerrilla warfare, lower classes took up weapons following Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (Pancho) Villa

gauchos

Argentina's cowboys, brave and independent, most were mestizos or castizos, also white and black, their society was ethic egalitarianism, linked to cowboys in the Americas, pastoralists who herded cattle and horses on the pampas, lived off their own skills and only needed horses to survive, songs and poems about them and had specific clothing, life was disrupted when the voluntarily or forcibly entered armies and barbed wire enclosed pampas

Affects of The War of 1812

Canadian pride and anti-US sentiment brought together French and British Canadians, Canada grew after the war and discontent grew in the 1830s, British didn't want a repeat of the American Revolution and diffused tensions by expanding home rule in Canada and allowing provinces to govern their own internal affairs

Trail of Tears

Cherokees migrated 800 miles to Oklahoma because of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, thousands died

Diversity in Latin America

Chinese migrants in Cuba married indigenous people, European workers in Argentina brought diversity to Buenos Aires

British Canadians

French Canadians outnumbered them until the late 18th century so the they recognized Roman Catholic Church and permitted continuance of French civil law in Quebec and other areas, were Protestants who lived mostly in Ontario, followed British Law, and governed themselves through elected representatives, loyalists fled to US in 1781 to the south and sought refuge in Canada, brought together with French Canadians due to similar anti-US sentiments

Cinco de Mayo

Napoleon's attempts to end Mexican disorder by re-creating a monarchy was resisted in Puebla, Mexican forces beat back French invader o May 5, 1862, Napoleon III sent tens of thousands of troops and proclaimed a Mexican empire but withdrew those forces in 1867

Missouri Compromise of 1820

a political compact that attempted to maintain a balance between slave and free states

Mexican Constitution of 1917

addressed concerns of revolutionaries by providing for land redistribution, universal suffrage, state-supported education, minimum wages, maximum hours for workers, and restrictions of foreign ownership of Mexican property and mineral resources

The National Policy

after establishment of the Dominion, program of economic development, idea to attract migrants, protect industries with taxes, and build national transport systems, made violent interactions with indigenous people who didn't want them on their lands and with trappers who didn't want disruption, booming in agriculture, mineral, and industrial production, population grew

European Migrants to the US

between 1840-1914 there were many, introduced new customs, distaste for them, went into cities creating Little Italy and Chinatown, US government halted migration from China in 1882 and Japan in 1907

Canadian Pacific Railroad

built largely with British investment capital and completed in 1885, National Policy, opened the west to commerce, developed other industries, promoted emergence of a Canadian national economy, renewed threat of white settlement to indigenous and metis society

Texas independence from Mexico

declared independence from Mexico in 1836 because US migrants settled there and wanted to run their own affairs, 1845 US accepted it as a new state against Mexican protest

Latin America Investments

didn't undergo industrialization or economic development like US or Canada, couldn't supply sufficient quantities of manufactured goods that colonial markets demanded, opened colonies to European trade which snuffed out local industry that couldn't compete with British, French, and German producers of inexpensive manufactured goods, Latin American elites had large control over local economies and profited from European trade and investment and had little incentive to work towards economic development

Buenos Aires

diverse capital in Argentina, most cosmopolitan city of the 19th century, avenues, boutiques, iron buildings, "the Paris of the Americas"

labor unions

emerged 1870-1900, wanted higher profits or job security, strike of workers in 1877 shut down 2/3 of the nation's railroads, people killed and money lost

Creoles

established republics with written constitutions for the newly independent states of Latin America, liked Enlightenment ideals but had little practice putting them into use, dominated newly independent states and prevented mass participation in public affairs, political instability

plantation migrants to Latin America

europeans worked in agriculture there, coffee growers in Brazil who had labor shortages after the abolition of slavery, golondrinas, Asian migrants to Cuba

industrial migrants to the Americas

factory workers needed, heavy labor at low wages, many Asian migrants, Chinese migration grew rapidly after the 1840s when British gunboats opened China to foreign influences, Qing government let foreigners get indentured labor and approved their migration to other lands

Dominion

fear of US expansion prompted Britain to grant independence to Canada, recognized in the British North America Act of 1867 in which it joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, other provinces joined later, each had it's own seat of government, provincial legislature, and lieutenant governor representing the British crown, won control over all Canadian internal affairs and Britain had jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931, provided a foundation for Canadian independence and unity

soldaderas

female soldiers or supporters of soldiers, demonstrated the most extreme form of activism during the Mexican Revolution

After Reconstruction

freed slaves had to go back to working for former slave owners as they weren't given land or economic support, faced violence and intimidation, segregated society

Canadian Ethnic Diversity

friction between French and British Canadians, British Canadians wanted to settles Northwest Territories and incorporate them into the Dominion which caused friction, westward expansion brought British settlers and cultivators into conflict with French fur traders and lumberjacks

British Investment in Latin America

had little desire to transform states into trade partners as they wouldn't be benefited , in Argentina they encouraged development of cattle and sheep ranching, 1860s invention of refrigerated cargo ships, meat was their largest export and Britain got profit,

Thirteenth Amendment

in the constitution, ratified 1865, completely abolished slavery in the US

pampas

interior grasslands, gauchos were here

Declaration of Sentiments

issued at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, demanded equal political and economic rights for US women

Durham Report

issued in 1839 by John George Lambton, became a model for British imperial policy and colonial self-rule in otter states

British North America Act of 1867

joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada, created a federal government headed by a governor-general who acted as the British representative, had House of Commons and appointed Senate

The War of 1812

made a sense of unity in Canada against an external threat, US declared war on Britain in retaliation for encroachments on US rights during the Napoleonic wars and the British colony of Canada was one of the front lines of the conflict, US military leaders assumed they could easily invade and conquer Canada but they were repelled which promoted Canadian pride and anti-US sentiment brought together French and British Canadians

patriarchal Latin America

male domination more prominent here than US or Canada, women couldn't vote or hold office or work in estates without male permission, women treated roughly and assaulted by gauchos, machismo, women's rights movement, mid-ninteenth century education was available to women and got teaching positions

Tong Ling

migrant who got one dollar for each meal he sold, inspired Chin's cousins to open restaurant

Ghost Dance

native Sioux beliefs of this afterlife without whites to be gone

French Canadians

outnumbered British Canadians until the late 18th century so the British recognized Roman Catholic Church and permitted continuance of French civil law in Quebec and other areas, brought together with British Canadians due to similar anti-US sentiments

metis

people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, moved west throughout 19th century to preserve land and trading rights but drive of British Canadians threatened them, leader was Louis Riel

Jose Hernandez

poem "The Gaucho Martin Fierro" in 1873, romanticized vision of gaucho life and protested it's decline, showed pride of gauchos especially those who resisted assimilation into Euro-American society

American natives

pushed onto reservations, children put in white school and learned Christian US values, tribal languages and dress were banned, they resisted

caudillos

regional military leaders, newly independent states helped them come to power in Latin America, Juan Manuel de Rosas was one

Juan Manuel de Rosas

ruled Argentina that was badly divided between the carte-herding and gaucho society or the grasslands and the urban elite of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1852, one of the most notable caudillos, emerged in the world of cattle ranching and established control in Buenos Aires, called for regional autonomy in an attempt to reconcile competing interests but worked to centralize the government, quelled rebellions with violence, accused of a reign of terror to stop opposition, many were killed, restored order through terror, popular due to identification with the people and with gauchos and had physical strength

The Constitution of 1857

set forth ideals of La Reforma, universal male suffrage, civil liberties, freedom of speech, land reform

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

shifted land policies away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farms once common in US white society

The Emancipation Proclamation

signed by Abraham Lincoln, abolishing slavery was a goal of the war, final version January 1 1863 that freed slaves in rebel states, in loyal states slavery was still legal, followed up by the Thirteenth Amendment

US South

slavery and cultivation of cotton as a cash crop isolated southern states from economic development in the rest of the US, manufactured goods came from Britain and food from their farms, considered themselves self sufficient and not in need of the rest of the US,

Fatt Hing Chin

village fish peddler, roamed the coast of southern China in search of fish to sell at market, heard tale of mountains of gold beckoning young Chinese to cross the ocean, boarded a Spanish ship in 1849 to California to join the gold rush, accumulated his own pile of gold, wealthy and returned to China, gambled and lost half of his gold by the time he reached home, left his pregnant wife to go back to China a year later, Tong Ling inspired he cousins to open a restaurant, settled in the Americas

manifest destiny

west ward expansion in the US, 1840s, from sea to shining sea, expand to Pacific, faced conflicts with indigenous people