Chapter 31

Benito Mussolini

Mussolini, Benito. Pronunciation: /ˌmʊsəˈliːni/ (1883-1945), Italian Fascist statesman, prime minister 1922-43; known as Il Duce ('the leader'); full name Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini. He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1921.

Third reich

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are common English names for the period of history in Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Nazism

Nazism (or National Socialism; German: Nationalsozialismus) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s. The Party gained power in 1933, starting the Third Reich. They lasted in Germany until 1945, at the end of World War II.

New deal

New Deal definition. A group of government programs and policies established under President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s; the New Deal was designed to improve conditions for persons suffering in the Great Depression.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Munich conference

The Munich Conference came as a result of a long series of negotiations. Adolf Hitler had demanded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain tried to talk him out of it.

Theory of relativity

The Theory of Relativity, proposed by the Jewish physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in the early part of the 20th century, is one of the most significant scientific advances of our time.

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was the democratic government founded in Germany following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication near the end of War World I. It continued in name until 1945, but actually ended with Hitler's seizure of dictatorial powers in 1933.

Surrealism

a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

Existentialism

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Appeasement

the action or process of appeasing.

Great Depression

the financial and industrial slump of 1929 and subsequent years.

Coalition government

A coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that coalition. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament.

Albert einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.

Axis powers

Axis powers definition. Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II. ( Compare Allies.)

Adolf hitler

Hitler, Adolf definition. A German political leader of the twentieth century, born in Austria. Hitler's early program for Germany is contained in his book Mein Kampf.

Me in kampf

A biography of Adolf Hitler from his solitary boyhood in Austria to his bizarre death in Berlin.

Charles Lindbergh

Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist.

Francisco Franco

Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde, more commonly known as Francisco Franco, was a Spanish general and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.