Chapter 34: The Immune System CONNECT

Locate the antibody structures.

-A- antigen-binding site -B- light chain -C- heavy chain -D- antigen

Label the structures in this image of a cytotoxic T cell attacking a cancer cell.

-A- cancer cell -B- cytotoxic T cell -C- antigen -D- T cell receptor -E- toxic chemicals

Label the structures involved in inflammation.

-A- skin surface -B- histamine -C- basophils and mast cells -D- capillary wall -E- red blood cell -F- bacteria

Label the antibody structures.

-A- variable region of light chain -B- constant region of light chain -C- variable region of heavy chain -D- constant region of heavy chain

Match each antibody class to its location in the body. Instructions

-IgA- lining of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tract; also in tears and saliva -IgD- B cell membranes -IgE- tonsils, skin, mucous membranes -IgG- circulate in blood plasma; can cross placenta to fetus -IgM- B cell membranes; circulate in blood plasma

Match each antibody class to its correct function.

-IgA- protects points of entry in the body -IgD- antigen receptor; regulates B cell activation -IgE- stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine in allergic responses -IgG- predominant antibody in secondary immune response -IgM- antigen receptor; predominant antibody in primary immune response

Select all of the following that are types of cytokines.

-Interferons -Interleukins

Select all of the ways that fever helps fight infection.

-Iron levels are decreased in the blood. -Higher temperature directly inhibits some bacteria and viruses. -Phagocytes are more active at higher temperatures.

Select all the examples of antigens.

-Surface molecules on cancer cells -Surface proteins of a virus -Part of a bacterial cell wall

Select all of the following that are parts of adaptive immune responses.

-T cells -B cells

Select the immune components that can be found in the blood.

-antibodies -white blood cells

Select all of the following that are components of the immune system.

-body cells -spleen -defensive chemicals

Select all of the ways that the binding of an antibody to a pathogen can stop an infection.

-cause pathogens to clump and be engulfed by macrophages -activate complement proteins -neutralize the toxins produced by a pathogen -coat viruses and prevent them from contacting target cells

Select all of the roles of macrophages.

-consume pathogens by phagocytosis -activate the adaptive immune response -promote fever

Select all of the physical barriers that block pathogens and foreign substances from entering the body.

-ear wax -stomach acid -cilia -tears -mucus

Match the types of white blood cells cells to their correct function in innate immune defense.

-eosinophils- secrete substances that destroy parasites -natural killer cells- destroy cancerous or virus-infected cells -basophils and mast cells- provoke inflammation -neutrophils and macrophages- consume pathogens by phagocytosis and promote fever

Select all of the following that can cause chronic inflammation.

-genetic mutations -pathogens -toxins

Select all of the following that are lymphoid organs, which produce, accumulate, or aid in the circulation of lymphocytes.

-lymph nodes -spleen -thymus

Select all of the following that are innate immune defenses.

-macrophages -skin, mucus, tears -complement proteins -fever -inflammation

Select all of the following that are produced during clonal selection of an activated helper T cell.

-memory cells -effector helper T cells that initiate cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Select the five categories of white blood cells.

-monocytes -eosinophils -lymphocytes -basophils -neutrophils

Select all the white blood cells that function as phagocytes.

-neutrophils -macrophages

Select all of the functions of the lymphatic system.

-regulate volume of tissue fluid -absorb fat from the small intestine -help the body defend against pathogens

Select all of the following that describe adaptive immunity.

-response targeted to specific pathogens -response is stronger to previously encountered pathogen

Select all the actions of antimicrobial chemicals called complement proteins.

-trigger reaction that punctures bacterial cell membrane -cause mast cells to release histamine -attract phagocytes

Put the events in the correct order that they occur during inflammation in response to injury, beginning at the top with the first event.

1. A minor injury damages cells. 2. Substances are released that provoke basophils and mast cells to release histamine. 3. Histamine dilates blood vessels and causes them to become leakier. 4. Blood plasma and white blood cells squeeze out of blood vessels and into injured area. 5. Antimicrobial substances in blood plasma dilute toxins, and macrophages and neutrophils engulf bacteria and damaged cells.

______ immune responses involve B and T cells that act against specific pathogens.

Adaptive

______ are used by the humoral immune system as its main weapon.

Antibodies

Inflammation is reduced when aspirin and ibuprofen activate enzymes.

False

What has caused blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable from panel 1 to panel 2?

Histamines

What type of innate defense occurs when a localized injury provokes basophils and mast cells to release histamine?

Inflammation

______ defenses are nonspecific but are always active and able to immediately react to invaders.

Innate

Proteins that display antigens on the surface of body cells are called

MHC proteins.

______ engulf pathogens, promote fever, and also play a critical role in activating the adaptive immune response.

Macrophages

______ cells originate in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus.

T

Monocytes become macrophages.

True

Normal microbiota can help the immune system prevent infection by pathogens.

True

Millions of different types of ______ can be produced by rearranging just hundreds of DNA segments.

antibodies

The five classes of ______ are designated IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

antibodies

What Y-shaped proteins produced during adaptive immunity recognize specific antigens?

antibodies

A(n) ______ is a molecule, usually a carbohydrate or protein present on a cell surface, that stimulates an immune reaction by B and T cells.

antigen

A particular antibody targets a specific

antigen.

After macrophages engulf invading pathogens, ______ from the pathogens can be linked to proteins to be displayed on the macrophage surface.

antigens

Natural killer cells are white blood cells that

attack cancerous or virus-infected body cells

What immune cells cause inflammation and allergic reactions by releasing chemical signals?

basophils

What is the role of chemicals called cytokines?

bind to immune cells and activate defenses

White blood cells originate from stem cells in

bone marrow.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes ______ that help the body to identify its cells as non-foreign, self cells.

cell surface proteins

In ______, cytotoxic T cells kill body cells that are defective or are infected by a pathogen.

cell-mediated immunity

In the body's immune response, cytokines such as interleukin and interferon are types of

chemical defenses.

In a process called ______, lymphocytes that recognize the body's own cell surfaces undergo programmed cell death to prevent self-immunity.

colonal deletion

In what process does an activated T cell or B cell divide into many copies?

colonial selection

What chemicals defend the body against nonspecific pathogens by triggering a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes?

complement proteins

What part of an antibody molecule has amino acid sequences that are similar in all antibodies?

constant regions

When ______ reach the hypothalamus, they can trigger a rise in the body's temperature called ______.

cytokines; a fever

In cell-mediated immunity, ______ secreted by helper T cells enhances the activation of ______.

cytokines; cytotoxic T cells

In adaptive immunity, helper T cells secrete cytokines that enhance the rate of cell division of ______ T cells, which destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells.

cytotoxic

In cell-mediated immunity, ______ kill damaged or invading cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.

cytotoxic T cells

What immune cells kill infected or damaged body cells after binding to an antigen that the body cells present?

cytotoxic T cells

The function of the innate defenses is to

defend against any invader.

What is the function of white blood cells called eosinophils?

destroy multicellular parasites

Histamines are chemicals that ______ blood vessels and increase blood flow to an injured area.

dilate

In contrast to memory cells, which linger after an infection, _____ cells produced by clonal selection act immediately, launching an immune attack on the current infection.

effector

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells that act immediately during an adaptive immune response are called

effectors.

Aspirin and ibuprofen block ______ required for inflammation to occur.

enzymes

The simplest antibody is made up of ______ polypeptide chains that form a shape similar to the letter Y.

four

Besides invaders and injury, ______ may also contribute to chronic inflammation.

genetics

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity are initiated when antigen-presenting macrophages bind to ___________ T cells with receptors specific to the antigen.

helper

Basophils and mast cells respond to tissue damage by releasing

histamine.

What type of adaptive immunity relies mostly on the production and secretion of antibodies?

humoral immunity

What body system defends against infections, cancer, and foreign substances?

immune system

Antibodies are ______ that attack pathogens in the body's fluids.

immunoglobulin proteins

In the names of antibody classes, such as IgE and IgA, the "Ig" stands for

immunoglobulin.

What is the function of memory T cells?

initiate immune response upon subsequent exposure to an antigen

Physical barriers, chemicals, and inflammation are ______ immune responses.

innate

What part of the immune system provides a general, widespread defense against many invaders?

innate defense

The largest group of cytokines are called ______ and act to communicate between white blood cells.

interleukins

What fluid forms from absorbed interstitial fluid and contains white blood cells, bacteria, and viruses?

lymph

Bean-shaped organs called ______ release T and B cells to the lymph and also contain white blood cells that engulf pathogens or dead cells carried in the lymph.

lymph nodes

The spleen, red bone marrow, thymus, and tonsils are organs and tissues of the ______ system that aid in defending the body against pathogens.

lymphatic

What organ system not only absorbs fat from the small intestine but also helps the body defend against pathogens?

lymphatic system

T cells and B cells are types of white blood cells called

lymphocytes.

What type of cell is one of the first to respond to infection by engulfing invaders and displaying antigens linked to proteins on its surface?

macrophage

What cells do not circulate in the blood but, rather, settle in tissues such as the respiratory system, causing allergic reactions and inflammation?

mast cells

After activation, a helper T cell can divide into many copies, some of which differentiate into ______ that remain in the body after the infection subsides and that can launch a quick immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.

memory cells

Macrophages originate from white blood cells called

monocytes.

Lymphocytes that attack cancer cells or virus-infected body cells are called

natural killer cells.

The immune system fights disease-causing agents called

pathogens.

What protein released by cytotoxic T cells can poke holes in a cancer cell's membrane, lysing the cancer cell?

perforin

White blood cells that wander through the bloodstream or body tissues and that can engulf debris and bacteria are called

phagocytes.

In innate defenses, some white blood cells utilize ______ to eliminate invaders.

phagocytosis

The animal body's normal resident bacteria

prevent harmful bacteria from colonizing.

Antibodies are Y-shaped ______ produced during adaptive immune responses.

proteins

Antibodies are large, pathogen-attacking ______ that circulate freely in blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.

proteins

Helper T cells with ______ that recognize antigens displayed on the MHC proteins of macrophages will bind to those macrophages.

receptors

What is the most extensive physical barrier that prevents foreign substances from entering the body?

skin

What innate defense of the body contains lysozyme, an antimicrobial substance?

tears

The antibody molecule is made up of four polypeptide chains: _____ heavy chain(s) and _____ light chain(s).

two; two

The ______ regions differ greatly among antibodies and are specific to the antigens to which antibodies bind.

variable

Monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are all types of

white blood cells.