Chapter 35

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels? A) A genes only B) B genes only C) C genes only D) A and B genes only E) A and C genes only

A and B genes only

I. root cap II. zone of elongation III. zone of cell division IV. zone of cell maturation V. apical meristem Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? A) I, II, V, III, IV B) III, V, I, II, IV C) II, IV, I, V, III D) IV, II, III, I, V E) I, V, III, II, IV

I, V, III, II, IV

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. C) It is probably a monocot. D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

It is probably a monocot.

Which of the following statements is false? A) A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell. B) The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body. C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis. D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off." E) Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."

Which of the following is a true statement? A) Flowers may have secondary growth. B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves. C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants? A) Only primary growth is localized at meristems. B) Some plants lack secondary growth. C) Only stems have secondary growth. D) Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures. E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Some plants lack secondary growth

While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces coloured spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred? A) The differently coloured plants will attract different pollinating insects. B) The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues. C) The coloured regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals. D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals. E) More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells. A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells. C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be

The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.

Which of the following best describes advantages conferred by compound leaves versus simple leaves? A) There is a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas. B) There is less chance of damage in high-wind areas. C) There is a reduced chance of herbivory. D) There is less surface area for water loss. E) There is a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less chance of damage in high-wind areas.

There is a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less chance of damage in high-wind areas.

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member D) Cortex; pith E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Vessel element; sieve-tube member

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced. B) the initiation of secondary growth. C) the formation of lateral roots. D) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems. E) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

a change in the morphology of the leaves produced

Secondary growth is best described as A) consisting mostly of mesophyll layers. B) a growth in thickness caused by lateral meristems. C) a growth in height caused by apical meristems. D) structural, photosynthetic, protective. E) dependent on water- and sugar-conducting cells.

a growth in thickness caused by lateral meristems.

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip B) a functional sieve tube element C) a tracheid D) a stem fiber

a parenchyma cell near the root tip

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not. C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots. D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.

What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest? A) closing of the stomata B) lateral buds C) apical dominance D) absence of petioles E) intercalary meristems

apical dominance

Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell A) as a gas. B) as a liquid. C) covalently bound to sugars. D) coupled to ion transport. E) via endocytosis

as a liquid

Which of the following structure-function pairs is incorrectly matched? A) green roots—important for photosynthesis in some species of aerial plants with few leaves B) root hairs—increase surface area of roots for water and mineral absorption C) bulbs—underground roots that store food D) prop roots—support tall, top-heavy trees that grow in unstable soil E) pneumatophores—air roots that project above water allowing oxygen to enter

bulbs—underground roots that store food

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except A) vessel elements. B) sieve cells. C) tracheids. D) companion cells. E) cambium cells.

cambium cells

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that A) plant development is not under genetic control. B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes. C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression. D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation. E) sexual reproduction is not necessary in plants.

cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression.

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of A) cell differentiation. B) morphogenesis. C) cell division. D) cell elongation. E) reproduction

cell elongation

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem. B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem. C) cell division localized in each internode. D) cell elongation localized in each internode. E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical

cell elongation localized in each internode.

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

collenchyma cells

All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except A) mesophyll—photosynthesis. B) guard cell—regulation of transpiration. C) sieve-tube member—translocation. D) vessel element—water transport. E) companion cell—formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

companion cell—formation of secondary xylem and phloem

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair—dermal tissue B) palisade parenchyma—ground tissue C) guard cell—dermal tissue D) companion cell—ground tissue E) tracheid—vascular tissue

companion cell—ground tissue

The prickly pear cactus has evolved spines that are its actual leaves. The evolutionary adaptation of these modified leaves is A) defence. B) protection from UV radiation. C) to increase water absorption. D) to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. E) Two of the above statements are correct.

defence.

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation

desiccation

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root. B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the centre of the apical meristem. C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem. D) the elongation of root hairs. E) continuous cell division of root cap cells.

elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the A) core. B) pericycle. C) endodermis. D) pith. E) vascular cambium.

endodermis.

Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division? A) mesophyll cell in a developing leaf B) parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root C) parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

functional tracheid cell in a stem

Axillary buds A) are initiated by the cork cambium. B) have dormant meristematic cells. C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes. D) grow immediately into shoot branches. E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

have dormant meristematic cells.

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide D) effective lateral growth of the stem

increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as A) perennial. B) weedy. C) indeterminate. D) derivative. E) primary.

indeterminate.

When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating? A) immature flowers B) large axillary buds C) petioles D) storage leaves E) storage roots

large axillary buds

Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except A) mesodermal. B) epidermal. C) meristematic. D) vascular. E) ground tissue

mesodermal

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) xylem C) endodermis D) collenchyma E) sclerenchyma

parenchyma

A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and store photosynthate would be a A) parenchyma cell in a leaf. B) vessel element in the vascular system. C) endodermal cell in a root. D) bark cell. E) fibre cell.

parenchyma cell in a leaf.

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? A) endodermis B) phloem C) cortex D) epidermis E) pericycle

pericycle

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function? A) sclerenchyma—supporting cells with thick secondary walls B) periderm—protective coat of woody stems and roots C) pericycle—waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots D) mesophyll—parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves E) ground meristem—primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

pericycle—waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots

Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls? A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel E) carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

petal-petal-stamen-stamen

An organism inherits genetic information from its parents, but it is also influenced by its environment. The ability of plants to alter their form in response to local environmental conditions is referred to as A) morphological differences. B) genetic influences. C) environmental pressures. D) phenotypic or developmental plasticity. E) adaptability.

phenotypic or developmental plasticity.

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? A) root hair B) cuticle C) periderm D) pith E) phloem

pith

A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be A) development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem. B) cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem. C) preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem. D) elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem. E) formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem.

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to A) attract pollinators. B) absorb ions. C) photosynthesize. D) produce more cells. E) produce flowers.

produce more cells

A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following? A) pruning shoot tips B) deep watering of the roots C) fertilizing D) treating the plants with auxins E) feeding the plants nutrients

pruning shoot tips

Trichomes A) absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves. B) open and close for gas exchange. C) repel or trap insects. D) increase water loss from leaves.

repel or trap insects

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root? A) sclerenchyma cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube elements D) root hairs E) vessel elements

root hairs

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? A) taproots B) root hairs C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem D) storage roots E) sections of the root that have secondary xylem

root hairs

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as A) dermal and ground tissue. B) lateral tissues. C) pith. D) secondary tissues. E) shoots and roots.

secondary tissues.

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? A) primary xylem B) secondary xylem C) secondary phloem D) mesophyll cells E) vascular cambium

secondary xylem

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers E) cortex

secondary xylem

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) tubers E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Heartwood and sapwood consist of A) bark. B) periderm. C) secondary xylem. D) secondary phloem. E) cork.

secondary xylem.

A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s) will develop in this plant? A) sepals B) petals C) stamens D) carpels E) both sepals and petals

sepals

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

sieve-tube elements

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? A) epidermis B) palisade mesophyll C) spongy mesophyll D) vascular tissue E) bundle sheath

spongy mesophyll

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the A) cortex. B) stele. C) endodermis. D) periderm. E) pith.

stele.

What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant? A) increases apical dominance B) inhibits the growth of lateral buds C) produces a plant that will grow taller D) stimulates lateral buds to grow E) increases the flow of auxin down the shoot

stimulates lateral buds to grow

CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the A) cuticle. B) epidermal trichomes. C) stoma. D) phloem. E) walls of guard cells.

stoma.

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called A) hairs. B) xylem cells. C) phloem cells. D) stomata. E) sclereids.

stomata.

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the centre of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark. B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm. C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem. D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium. E) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.

The polarity of a plant is established when A) the zygote divides. B) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo. C) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo. D) the primary root breaks through the seed coat. E) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

the zygote divides.

Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription? A) tracheids B) mature mesophyll cells C) companion cells D) meristematic cells E) glandular cells

tracheids

Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) trichomes D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

tracheids and vessel elements

Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must A) differentiate into procambium. B) undergo dedifferentiation. C) increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei. D) enzymatically digest their primary cell walls. E) establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

undergo dedifferentiation.

Plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they contain A) supporting sclerenchyma cells. B) undifferentiated epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue. C) stem cells that are constantly dividing. D) undifferentiated tissues called meristems. E) well-developed xylem and phloem.

undifferentiated tissues called meristems

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium B) apical meristem C) endodermis D) phloem E) xylem

vascular cambium

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between A) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption. B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption. C) water retention and oxygen absorption. D) light collection and oxygen absorption.

water retention and carbon dioxide absorption.

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A) herbaceous eudicot B) woody eudicot C) woody monocot D) herbaceous monocot E) woody annual

woody eudicot

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the A) phloem. B) xylem. C) cork cambium. D) cortex. E) companion and sieve-tube members.

xylem

A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root? A) zone of cell division B) zone of elongation C) zone of maturation D) root cap E) apical meristem

zone of maturation