Chapter 36, 37, 38, 40 and 41

In the United States, nearly ________ people have diabetes mellitus.

29.1 million

An infusion of mannitol would be prescribed to treat

Cerebral edema

An early indicator of colon cancer is

Change in bowel habits

What clinical finding would suggest an esophageal cause of a client's report of dysphagia?

Chest pain during meals

What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)

Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.

Mortality

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?

No change in serum glucocorticoid level

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.

Angiotensin II

What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?

Blood and mucus in the stools

What finding would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

Bloody stools

A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as

Goiter

A patient reporting vision changes, photophobia, and lid lag may be exhibiting signs of

Graves disease

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?

Hepatitis B

What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual's response to surgical stress

Hypotension

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Increased blood ammonia levels

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called

Kernicterus

Clinical manifestations of graves disease may include

Tremor

A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is

Tremors

________ disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver.

Wilson

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.

acute

An urgent surgical consult is indicated for the patient with acute abdominal pain and

absent bowel sounds

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is

adhesions

Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of

alcohol induced injury

More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with

alcoholism

Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of

appendicitis

It is true that Graves disease is

associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

autoimmune hepatitis

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from

blocked cortisol production

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to

blood or semen

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

bloody diarrhea

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of

pancreatitis

The definitive treatment for cholecystitis is

cholecystectomy

Proton pump inhibitors may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to

decreased hydrochloride acid (HCI)secretion

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from

decreased myoinositol transport

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to

dehydration

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to

diabetes mellitus

What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?

elevated ferritin

Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected

enterocolitis

Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.

fat

A silent abdomen 3 hours after bowel surgery most likely indicates

functional bowel obstruction

Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ________ of the gallbladder wall.

gangrene

Dumping syndrome is commonly seen after __________ procedures

gastric bypass

Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of

gastric ulcer

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is

gastroesophageal varices

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called

glycogenolysis

Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?

heartburn

A patient with chronic gastritis would likely be tested for

heliobacteria pylori

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.

hemolysis

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with

hepatitis

The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is

hyperglycemia

A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to

hypocalcemia

A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is

hypoglycemia

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is

hyponatremia

A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of

hypoparathyroidism

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

hypothyroidism

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in

increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.

Constipation in an elderly patient can be best treated by

increasing fiber in diet

The finding of hypotension, rigid abdomen, and absent bowel sounds in a patient with pancreatitis

indicates peritonitis with substantial risk for sepsis and shock.

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is

insulin resistance and B cell dysfunction

The formation of active vitamin D

is impaired in renal failure

It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones

is inhibited by iodine deficiency

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dL for adults with diabetes.

less than 180

Jaundice is a common manifestation of

liver disease

A patient being treated for hepatic encephalopathy could be expected to receive a(n) ________ diet.

low protein and high fiber

Premature infants are at greater risk for developing

necrotizing enterocolitis

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency

no change in serum glucocorticoid level

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with

nonketotic hyperosmolality

Growth hormone-deficient infants would display

normal birth length and weight

________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

obesity

A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of

octreotide acetate

Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by

osteoblasts

The most challenging aspect of treatment for chronic pancreatitis is

pain control

A tumor which results in excessive production and release of catecholamines is

pheochromocytoma.

Esophageal varices represent a complication of ________ hypertension.

portal

Barrett esophagus is a

preneoplastic lesion

A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is

regular

In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of

respiratory alkalosis

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

results from inadequate ADH secretion

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults

results in the condition of acromegaly

Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States.

seventh

Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for

sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of

stomatitis

It is true that biliary cancer

tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases

water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney

Normal bile is composed of

water, electrolytes, and organic solutes.