Chapter 39: Oxygenation and Perfusion
In which client should the nurse prioritize assessments for respiratory depression?
A client taking opioids for cancer pain Explanation: Many medications affect the function of the respiratory system and depress the respiratory system. The nurse should monitor clients taking certain medications, such as opioids, for rate and depth of respirations. Beta-adrenergic blockers, antibiotics, and insulin do not appreciably affect the respiratory system.
The nurse is assessing a client with lung cancer. What manifestations may suggest that the client has chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing Explanation: Clubbing refers to the rounding and enlargement of the tips of the fingers and toes. It is a common phenomenon seen in many clients with chronic hypoxia due to respiratory or cardiac disease. Clubbing occurs in lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, and lung diseases such as lung abscess and COPD. Hemoptysis does not result from hypoxia.
Which medication is administered in the home or the hospital to relieve inflammation in the lung tissue?
Corticosteroids Explanation: In many cases, bronchodilators and corticosteroids are required to open airways and ease breathing. Corticosteroids relieve inflammation.
Which dietary guideline would be appropriate for the older adult homebound client with advanced respiratory disease who informs the nurse that she has no energy to eat?
Eat smaller meals that are high in protein. Explanation: The client should consume a diet in which the body can produce plasma proteins. The client should have sufficient caloric and protein intake for respiratory muscle strength.
The nurse schedules a pulmonary function test to measure the amount of air left in a client's lungs at maximal expiration. What test does the nurse order?
Residual Volume (RV) Explanation: During a pulmonary function test the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration is called residual volume. Tidal volume refers to the total amount of air inhaled and exhaled with one breath. Total lung capacity is the amount of air contained within the lungs at maximum inspiration. Forced expiratory volume measures the amount of air exhaled in the first second after a full inspiration; it can also be measured at 2 or 3 seconds.
Which guideline describes the proper method for measuring the appropriate length to use when inserting a nasopharyngeal airway?
When holding the airway on the side of the client's face, it should reach from the tragus of the ear to the tip of the nostril. Explanation: The nasopharyngeal airway length is measured by holding the airway on the side of the client's face. The airway should reach from the tragus of the ear to the tip of the nostril. The diameter should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the nostril. For an oropharyngeal airway, when holding the airway on the side of the client's face, it should reach from the opening of the mouth to the back angle of the jaw.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and the blood by:
diffusion. Explanation: Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and the blood by diffusion, the process in which molecules move from an area of greater concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration or pressure.
The nurse is caring for a client with respiratory alkalosis. Which arterial blood gas data does the nurse anticipate finding?
pH greater than 7.45; HCO3 low; PaCO2 low; hyperventilation Explanation: In respiratory alkalosis, anticipated arterial blood gas results are anticipated to reflect pH greater than 7.45; HCO3 low; and PaCO2 low. Other answers are incorrect.
A health care provider orders the collection of a sputum specimen from a client with a suspected bacterial infection. Which action best ensures a usable specimen?
Instruct the client to inhale deeply and then cough. Explanation: The client should be instructed to inhale deeply and cough; if this results in sputum, it should be collected in the container. The client should be placed in a semi-Fowler's position and instructed to clear the nose and throat and rinse the throat with water.
Which diagnostic procedure measures lung size and airway patency, producing graphic representations of lung volumes and flows?
Pulmonary function tests Explanation: Pulmonary function testing is used to measure lung size and airway patency. Chest x-rays are used to detect pathologic lung changes. Bronchoscopy allows the visualization of the airways directly. Skin tests are used to detect allergies.
After insertion of a chest tube, fluctuations in the water-seal chamber that correspond with inspiration and expiration are an expected and normal finding.
True Explanation: After insertion of a chest tube, fluctuations in the water-seal chamber that correspond with inspiration and expiration are an expected and normal finding. A nurse caring for a client with a chest tube should monitor the patient's respiratory status and vital signs, check the dressing, and maintain the patency and integrity of the drainage system.
While examining a client, the nurse palpates the client's chest and back. What would the nurse expect to identify with this technique?
pattern of thoracic expansion Explanation: The nurse can assess patterns of thoracic expansion through palpation. Fluid-filled and consolidated portions of lungs can be assessed through percussion, not through palpation. Presence of pleural rub can be assessed through auscultation.
The nurse is caring for a client who has had a percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) following a motor vehicle accident and has been prescribed oxygen. What delivery device will the nurse select that is most appropriate for this client?
tracheostomy collar Explanation: A tracheostomy collar delivers oxygen near an artificial opening in the neck. This is appropriate for a client who has had a PCT. All other devices are less appropriate for this client.
The nurse is caring for a client who has a percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) following a skydiving accident. Which oxygen delivery device will the nurse select?
tracheostomy collar Explanation: A tracheostomy collar delivers oxygen near an artificial opening in the neck. This is appropriate for a client who has had a PCT. Other devices are not appropriate for this client.
A client is reporting slight shortness of breath and lung auscultation reveals the presence of bilateral coarse crackles. The client's SaO2 is 90% on pulse oximetry. The nurse has applied supplementary oxygen by nasal cannula, recognizing that the flow rate by this method should not exceed:
6 L/minute. Explanation: In general, if a flow rate of 6 L/minute fails to raise a client's oxygen saturation level satisfactorily, a mask should be used. 1-4 L/minute flow rates per nasal cannula are standard flow rates. Greater than 6 L/minute flow rate per nasal cannula is very uncomfortable for the client. A flow rate of 10 L /minute per nasal cannula is not acceptable.
A 24-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for an exacerbation of symptoms related to her cystic fibrosis. During a nurse's assessment of the client, the nurse notices a bluish color around her lips. What is the client exhibiting in this scenario?
cyanosis Explanation: Cyanosis around the lips indicates serious hypoxemia. Cyanosis is caused by a desaturation of oxygen on the hemoglobin in the blood. Hypercapnia is caused by an abnormally high carbon dioxide level in the blood. Hypoxemia is caused by low oxygen levels in the blood. Eupnea is easy, free respiration.
Which teaching about the oxygen analyzer is important for the nurse to provide to a client using oxygen?
It determines whether the client is getting enough oxygen. Explanation: The oxygen analyzer measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine whether the client is receiving the prescribed amount. The flowmeter is a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen that a client receives. The provider prescribes concentration. The humidifier produces small water droplets that are delivered during oxygen administration to decrease dry mucous membranes.
The nurse is teaching the client with a pulmonary disorder about deep breathing. The client asks, "Why is it important to start by breathing through my nose, then exhaling through my mouth?" Which appropriate response would the nurse give this client?
"Breathing through your nose first will warm, filter, and humidify the air you are breathing." Explanation: Nasal breathing allows the air to be warmed, filtered, and humidified. Nose breathing does not encourage the client to sit up straight. The purpose of nasal breathing is not to prevent germs from entering the stomach or to discourage snoring.
The nurse educator is presenting a lecture on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Which response given by the nursing staff would indicate to the educator that they have an understanding of cardiac output?
"If the client's stroke volume is 50 mL and heart rate is 50 beats per minute, then the cardiac output is 2.5 L/minute." Explanation: The following formula is used to determine cardiac output: Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate. A client with a stroke volume of 50 mL and heart rate of 50 beats per minute has a cardiac output of 2.5 L/minute. If stroke volume is 70 and heart rate is 70 beats per minute, then the cardiac output is 4.9 L/minute. If stroke volume is 80 and heart rate is 80 beats per minute, then the cardiac output is 6.4 L/minute.
An older resident at a long-term care facility has been placed on oxygen via a partial rebreather mask due to COVID-19. While helping the resident prepare for sleep, the nurse notices the mask is no longer fitting properly. Which question should the nurse prioritize?
"Is your mask causing discomfort?" Explanation: It is possible for anyone using a mask to try and readjust it if it is uncomfortable. Depending on the older adult's cognitive status, he or she may have tried to make it more comfortable and in the process caused it to no longer fit correctly. This could also occur if the client removed their dentures, as some individual's choose to let the dentures soak overnight. If the mask was fitted with the dentures in, the mask will likely be loose with the dentures removed. The other questions could possibly be asked to see if someone else may have tried to help the client feel more comfortable with the mask on.
The nurse is demonstrating oxygen administration to a client. Which teaching will the nurse include about the humidifier?
"Small water droplets come from this, thus preventing dry mucous membranes." Explanation: The humidifier produces small water droplets which are delivered during oxygen administration to prevent or decrease dry mucous membranes. The oxygen analyzer measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine whether the client is receiving the prescribed amount. The flowmeter is a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen that a client receives. The healthcare provider prescribed the concentration of oxygen.
A client receiving home oxygen calls the telehealth nurse to report that her caretaker removed her oxygen tank from the wheeled carrier. What is the appropriate telehealth nurse response?
"The caregiver will need to place the oxygen tank back into the secure carrier." Explanation: Oxygen tanks are transported on a wheeled carrier to avoid accidental force. Accidental force could cause the tank to explode. The tank should not be carried, and taking it out of the carrier does not affect the flow of oxygen.
A client who utilizes a portable oxygen device reports planning to attend an upcoming bonfire on the beach. What is the appropriate nursing response?
"When using portable oxygen, you should avoid any fire." Explanation: Although freedom to move about comes with portable oxygen, the client should be educated about the dangers of oxygen near fire; therefore, fires and anyone smoking should be avoided. Saltwater does not increase the potential for oxygen toxicity.
The nurse is caring for a client with emphysema. A review of the client's chart reveals pH 7.36, PaO2 73 mm Hg, PaCO2 64 mm Hg, and HCO3 35 mEq/L. The nurse would question which prescription if prescribed by the health care practitioner?
4 L/minute O2 (66 mL/second) nasal cannula Explanation: The client with chronic lung disease, such as emphysema, becomes insensitive to carbon dioxide and responds to hypoxia to stimulate breathing. If given excessive oxygen (4 L/minute or 66 mL/second), the stimulus to breathe is removed. Clients with emphysema are most comfortable in high Fowler's position because it aids in the use of the accessory muscles to promote respirations. Increasing fluid intake helps keep the client's secretions thin. Pulse oximetry monitors the client's arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation while receiving oxygen therapy.
The nurse is caring for a client who will have a chest tube removed within the next hour. What action by the nurse will be included in the plan of care for this client for removal of the chest tube? Select all that apply.
Administer prescribed pain medication 15 to 30 minutes before chest tube removal. Teach the client about relaxation exercises to be used during chest tube removal. Apply a cold compress to the site prior to the removal. Explanation: The plan of care should include the following nursing interventions: administration of prescribed pain medication 15 to 30 minutes before chest tube removal and teaching the client relaxation exercises to utilize during the procedure. Occlusive dressing, not a semipermeable dressing, should be used. The application of cold to the chest prior to removal may also be implemented to decrease client discomfort during chest tube removal. Nurses do not remove chest tubes.
A nurse assessing a client's respiratory effort notes that the client's breaths are shallow and 8 per minute. Shortly after, the client's respirations cease. Which form of oxygen delivery should the nurse use for this client?
Ambu bag Explanation: If the client is not breathing with an adequate rate and depth, or if the client has lost the respiratory drive, a manual resuscitation bag (Ambu bag) may be used to deliver oxygen until the client is resuscitated or can be intubated with an endotracheal tube. Oxygen masks may cover only the nose and mouth and can vary in the amount of oxygen delivered. A nasal oxygen cannula is a device that consists of a plastic tube that fits behind the ears, and a set of two prongs that are placed in the nostril. An oxygen tent is a tentlike enclosure within which the air supply can be enriched with oxygen to aid a client's breathing. Oxygen masks, nasal cannula, and oxygen tents are used for clients who have a respiratory drive.
The nurse is caring for a client who has a compromised cardiopulmonary system and needs to assess the client's tissue oxygenation. The nurse would use which appropriate method to assess this client's oxygenation?
Arterial blood gas Explanation: Arterial blood gases include the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH. Blood gases determine the adequacy of alveolar gas exchange and the ability of the lungs and kidneys to maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.
The nurse is caring for a client receiving oxygen therapy via nasal cannula. The client suddenly becomes cyanotic with a pulse oximetry reading of 91%. What is the next most appropriate action the nurse should take?
Assess oxygen tubing connection Explanation: If the client suddenly becomes cyanotic, the nurse should assess the oxygen tubing to make sure it is still connected. Assessing lung sounds, repositioning the client, and elevating the head of the bed will not correct the problem if the tubing is disconnected.
A nurse is reading a journal article about pollutants and their effect on an individual's respiratory function. Which problem would the nurse most likely identify as an effect of exposure to automobile pollutants?
Bronchitis Explanation: Bronchitis refers to a condition in which the airways become inflamed, commonly due to respiratory irritants such as air pollution and high humidity. Exposure to such irritants leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, which in turn, lead to inflammation and narrowing of the airways and increased mucus production. Atelectasis refers to the partial or complete collapse of the small air sacs in the lungs, common after surgery or with obstruction or compression of the airways or lungs. Bronchiectasis results from chronic inflammation or infection causing an excess accumulation of mucus. Croup is an infection of the airways, most commonly viral in origin.
A nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a client who is being treated for pleural effusion at a health care facility. The nurse needs the client to exhale additional air, which will allow the nurse to check the quality of the client's oxygenation. What instruction should the nurse give the client?
Contract the abdominal muscles. Explanation: The nurse should instruct the client to contract the abdominal muscles to exhale additional air. A person can forcibly exhale additional air by contracting abdominal muscles such as the rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, and external and internal obliques. The client elevates the ribs and sternum and expands the thoracic cavity during inspiration. The client relaxes the respiratory muscles during normal expiration.
Which teaching about the humidifier is important for the nurse to provide to a client using oxygen?
It decreases dry mucous membranes via delivering small water droplets. Explanation: The humidifier produces small water droplets that are delivered during oxygen administration to decrease dry mucous membranes. The oxygen analyzer measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine whether the client is receiving the prescribed amount. The flowmeter is a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen that a client receives. The provider prescribes concentration.
A client with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been ordered oxygen at 3 L/min as needed for treatment of dyspnea. What delivery mode is most appropriate to this client's needs?
Nasal cannula Explanation: A nasal cannula is used to deliver from 1 L/min to 6 L/min of oxygen. Masks are used with higher flow rates of oxygen.
When a nurse observes that an older client's skin is dry and shiny and his nails are thickened, the nurse determines that the client is most likely experiencing
Poor tissue perfusion Explanation: Chronically poor perfusion may result in hair loss in the affected area, discolored skin, thickened nails, and shiny, dry skin indicative of inadequate tissue nutrition.
A nurse is performing CPR on a client who collapsed. Which guidelines should be used for this procedure? Select all that apply.
Position the client supine on his or her back. Use the head tilt-chin lift maneuver to open the airway. Rest elbows on the flat surface under the client, grasp the angle of the client's lower jaw, and lift with both hands. Explanation: The nurse should position the client supine on his or her back on a firm, flat surface, with arms alongside the body. If the client is in bed, place a backboard or other rigid surface under the client. Use the head tilt-chin lift maneuver to open the airway. If trauma to the head or neck is present or suspected, use the jaw-thrust maneuver to open the airway. Rest elbows on the flat surface under the client; grasp the angle of the client's lower jaw and lift with both hands if the jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway. Look, listen, and feel for air exchange, taking at least 5 seconds and no more than 10 seconds. If the client resumes breathing or adequate respirations and signs of circulation are noted, place the client in the recovery position.
The nurse prepares to apply the pulse oximeter to the client's hand. The fingers are edematous, cool to touch, and have black nail polish. Which actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply.
Remove black nail polish and assess circulation. Assess mental status. Auscultate lungs. Use alternate site: earlobe or bridge of nose. Explanation: Nail polish obstructs the ability to assess capillary refill and the color of the nail bed. Mental status is important to assess because changes occur early with hypoxia. Edema prevents adequate reading. Lungs should be assessed for adventitious sounds such as wheezes, crackles, or rhonchi. Since the fingers are edematous and cool to touch, the nurse should use an alternate site for the pulse oximeter to achieve the best reading, which includes the forehead, earlobe, or the bridge of the nose.
The air quality index has rated it a red air quality day in the city. Which information will the nurse share with the client about promoting effective respiratory self-care?
Stay indoors as much as possible. Explanation: Using the air quality index, a red color designation signifies that the air quality is unhealthy for all people, not just sensitive groups. Air pollution and high humidity are respiratory irritants. Pollutants cause increased mucus production and contribute to bronchitis and asthma. Reducing contact with irritants by staying indoors during times of increased air pollution will decrease their effect on the respiratory system. Clients should be encouraged to quit smoking, not just cut down. Avoiding large crowds and practicing good hand hygiene will prevent respiratory infections but not cut down on the effect of air pollution.
When caring for a client with a tracheostomy, the nurse would perform which recommended action?
Suction the tracheostomy tube using sterile technique. Explanation: Sterile technique is required when suctioning a tracheostomy in order to prevent introduction of microorganisms into the respiratory tract. The area around a new tracheostomy may need to be assessed and cleaned every 1 to 2 hours. Gauze dressings that are not filled with cotton must be used to prevent aspiration of lint or cotton fibers into the trachea.
When inspecting a client's chest to assess respiratory status, the nurse should be aware of which normal finding?
The chest should be slightly convex with no sternal depression. Explanation: The adult chest contour is slightly convex, with no sternal depression. The skin of the thorax should be warm and dry, and the anteroposterior diameter of the chest should be less than the transverse diameter. The contour of the intercostal spaces should be flat or depressed.
A nurse takes a client's pulse oximetry reading and finds that it is normal. What does this finding indicate?
The client's available hemoglobin is adequately saturated with oxygen. Explanation: Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive technique that measures the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2 or SpO2) of arterial blood. This test measures only the percentage of oxygen carried by the available hemoglobin. Thus, even a client with a low hemoglobin level could appear to have a normal SpO2 because most of that hemoglobin is saturated. However, the client may not have enough oxygen to meet body needs. A normal pulse oximetry reading does not necessarily indicate a normal RBC count or heart rate.
The nurse is planning a diet for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which recommended nutritional guidelines would the nurse discuss with the client? Select all that apply.
The diet should consist of 40% to 55% carbohydrates. The diet should be rich in antioxidants and vitamins A, C, and B. The diet should contain 12% to 20% protein. Explanation: Clients who have COPD require a high-protein/high-calorie diet to counter malnutrition. Obese clients with COPD should be encouraged to lose weight using a calorie-controlled diet. Diets for COPD clients should be 40% to 55% carbohydrates, 30% to 40% fat, and 12% to 20% protein. A diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins A and C, and the B vitamins is important to maintain health and fight off infection.
During data collection, the nurse auscultates low-pitched, soft sounds over the lungs' peripheral fields. Which appropriate terminology would the nurse use to describe these lung sounds when documenting?
Vesicular Explanation: Vesicular breath sounds are normal and described as low-pitched, soft sounds over the lungs' peripheral fields. Crackles are soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds heard on inspiration. Medium-pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi describe bronchovesicular breath sounds. Bronchial breath sounds are loud, high-pitched sounds heard over the trachea and larynx.
A nurse assessing a client's respiratory status gets a weak signal from the pulse oximeter. The client's other vital signs are within reference ranges. What is the nurse's best action?
Warm the client's hands and try again. Explanation: Finding an absent or weak signal, the nurse should check vital signs and client condition. If satisfactory, warming the extremity may facilitate a stronger reading. This should be attempted prior to resorting to using the client's earlobe. Bright light can interfere with the operation of light sensors and cause an unreliable report. A blood pressure cuff will compromise venous blood flow to the site leading to inaccurate readings.
A nurse is admitting a 6-year-old child after a tonsillectomy to the surgical unit. The nurse obtains the client's weight and places electrocardiogram (EKG) leads on the chest and a pulse oximeter on the left finger. The client's heart rate reads 100 bpm and the pulse oximeter reads 99%. These readings best indicate:
adequate tissue perfusion. Explanation: Pulse oximetry is often used as a measure of tissue perfusion. An oxygen saturation of greater than 94% is typically indicative of good tissue perfusion.
The nurse is assessing a newborn in the nursery. The nurse notes the infant has episodes in which breathing ceased for 20 seconds on 2 occasions. The nurse correctly recognizes this condition as:
apnea. Explanation: The newborn's breathing pattern is characterized by occasional pauses of several seconds between breaths. This periodic breathing is normal during the first 3 months of life, but frequent or prolonged periods of apnea (cessation of breathing 20 seconds or longer) are abnormal. Dyspnea refers to shortness of breath. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat. An elevation of carbon dioxide levels in the blood is termed hypercapnia.
A client has edema of the feet and ankles, along with crackles in the lower lobes and a frothy, productive cough. The client is suffering from:
congestive heart failure. Explanation: A client who has edema and a cough that is productive with frothy sputum is manifesting heart failure.
The nurse auscultates a client with soft, high-pitched popping breath sounds on inspiration. The nurse documents the breath sounds heard as:
crackles. Explanation: Crackles, frequently heard on inspiration, are soft, high-pitched discontinuous (intermittent) popping sounds. Wheezes are continuous musical sounds, produced as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, narrowing, secretions, or tumors. Vesicular sounds are low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields. Bronchovesicular sounds are medium-pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi.
A woman comes to the emergency room with her 2-year-old son. She states he woke up and had a loud barking cough. The child is suffering from:
croup. Explanation: Croup and epiglottitis are common in young children. The child has an obstruction of the upper airways, with swelling of the throat tissue. Atelectasis results when the lungs collapse as a result of the alveoli being unable to expand. Symptoms include difficulty breathing and discomfort. Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the lung tissue becomes stiff and unable to expand appropriately. Asthma is a condition associated with bronchoconstriction. The symptoms include nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and wheezing.
The nurse is caring for a client who has been prescribed humidified oxygen at 6 L/minute. Which type of liquid will the nurse gather to set up the humidifier?
distilled water Explanation: Distilled water is used when humidification is desired. Other answers are incorrect.
A client with no prior history of respiratory illness has been admitted to a postoperative unit following foot surgery. What intervention should the nurse prioritize in an effort to prevent postoperative pneumonia and atelectasis during this time of reduced mobility following surgery?
educating the client on the use of incentive spirometry Explanation: Incentive spirometry maximizes lung inflation and can prevent or reduce atelectasis and help mobilize secretions. Pursed-lip breathing primarily addresses dyspnea and anxiety. Suctioning is only indicated when clients are unable to independently mobilize secretions. Corticosteroids are not typically used as a preventive measure for respiratory complications after surgery.
During oxygen administration to the client, which pieces of equipment would enable the nurse to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered?
flow meter Explanation: In order to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client, the nurse should use a flow meter. A flow meter is attached to the source of oxygen. An oxygen analyzer is a device that measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine if the client is receiving the amount prescribed by the physician. A humidifier is a device that produces small water droplets and may be used during oxygen administration because oxygen dries the mucous membranes. A nasal cannula is a hollow tube with half-inch prongs placed into the client's nostrils. It provides a means for administering a low concentration of oxygen.
An older adult client is visibly pale with a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute. Upon questioning, the client states to the nurse, "I can't seem to catch my breath." The nurse has responded by repositioning the client and measuring the client's oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry, yielding a reading of 90%. The nurse should interpret this oxygen saturation reading in light of the client's:
hemoglobin level. Explanation: Pulse oximetry readings are reflective of the number of available oxygen receptors on hemoglobin molecules. Consequently, an acceptable reading in a client with low hemoglobin can be artificially inflated. Age, blood pH, and electrolyte levels do not have a direct bearing on the accuracy and clinical application of pulse oximetry.
A nurse is caring for an asthmatic client who requires a low concentration of oxygen. Which delivery device should the nurse use in order to administer oxygen to the client?
nasal cannula Explanation: The nurse should use a nasal cannula to administer oxygen to an asthmatic client who requires a low concentration of oxygen. A nasal cannula is a hollow tube with half-inch prongs placed into the client's nostrils. It is used for administering a low concentration of oxygen to clients who are not extremely hypoxic and are diagnosed with chronic lung disease. A simple mask allows the administration of higher levels of oxygen than a cannula. A face tent is used for clients with facial trauma and burns. Nonrebreather masks are used for clients requiring a high concentration of oxygen and who are critically ill.
The nurse is reviewing the results of a client's arterial blood gas and pH analysis. Which findings indicate to the nurse that intervention is not required? Select all that apply.
pH 7.45 PCO2 40 mm Hg Base excess or deficit +2 mmol/L Explanation: Normal ABG findings include a pH of 7.35-7.45, PCO2 35-45 mm Hg, PO2 80-100 mm Hg, and Base excess or deficit +2 mmol/L
While auscultating a client's chest, the nurse auscultates crackles in the lower lung bases. What condition does the nurse identify the client is experiencing?
presence of fluid in the lungs Explanation: Coarse crackles heard on auscultation indicate the presence of fluid in the lungs. Air passing through narrowed airways produces a wheezing sound, whereas inflammation of pleural surfaces gives rise to pleural rub. Sputum in the trachea produces stridor, a harsh, noisy squeak when something is blocking the airway.
A client returns to the telemetry unit after an operative procedure. Which diagnostic test will the nurse perform to monitor the effectiveness of the oxygen therapy ordered for the client?
pulse oximetry Explanation: Pulse oximetry is useful for monitoring clients receiving oxygen therapy, titrating oxygen therapy, monitoring those at risk for hypoxia, and postoperative clients. Peak expiratory flow rate is used to monitor severe respiratory diseases and the degree of disease control. Spirometry is used in the postoperative period to measure the volume of air in liters exhaled or inhaled. Spirometry also evaluates lung function and airway obstruction but does not specifically monitor the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. Thoracentesis is a procedure that allows the physician to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
When reviewing data collection on a client with a cardiac output of 2.5 liter/minute, the nurse inspects the client for which symptom?
rapid respirations Explanation: Normal cardiac output averages from 3.5 to 8.0 liter/minute. With decreased cardiac output, there is a reduction in the amount of circulating blood that is available to deliver oxygen to the tissues. The body compensates by increasing the respiratory rate to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues. The client with decreased cardiac output would gain weight, have decreased urine output, and display a thready pulse.
The nurse is preparing discharge teaching for a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which teaching about deep breathing will the nurse include?
"Inhale slowly over three seconds, purse your lips, contract abdominal muscles, and exhale slowly." Explanation: Pursed-lip breathing is a form of controlled ventilation that is effective for clients with COPD. Other answers are incorrect techniques for deep breathing.
A nurse is calculating the cardiac output of an adult with a stroke volume of 75 mL (75 × 109/L) and a pulse of 78 beats/min. What number would the nurse document for this assessment?
5,850 mL (5,850 × 109/L) Explanation: Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate/min, which equals 5,850 mL (5,850 × 109/L). Cardiac output and peripheral resistance determine both systolic and diastolic pressures.
The nurse is assessing the vital signs of clients in a community health care facility. Which client respiratory results should the nurse report to the health care provider?
An infant with a respiratory rate of 16 bpm Explanation: The infant's normal respiratory rate is 20 to 40 breaths per minute. The normal range for a child age 1 to 5 years is 20 to 32 breaths per minute. For a child 6 to 12 years of age the normal respiratory rate is 18 to 26 breaths per minute. The normal respiratory rate for an adult 65 years and older is 16 to 24 breaths per minute.
A client is admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath, cyanosis and an oxygen saturation of 82% (0.82) on room air. Which action should the nurse implement first?
Apply oxygen Explanation: The nurse should first apply oxygen, which will help to improve oxygen saturation and health status. The client may not require intubation, once oxygen is provided. Although the client may require education on incentive spirometry, the immediate priority intervention is to stabilize the client's oxygen saturation. Similarly, raising the head of the bed may help with the client's comfort but may not have sufficient effect on oxygen saturation.
A nurse must take a client's pulse oximetry reading. The nurse is explaining the technique to the client. Which statements about pulse oximetry are true? Select all that apply.
Once the oximetry probe is correctly placed, a beam of red and infrared light travels through the tissue and blood vessels. Sensors are available for use on the finger, toe, foot, earlobe, forehead, and bridge of the nose. Explanation: The oximetry sensor uses a beam of red and infrared light to calculate the amount of light absorbed by arterial blood. Sensors are available for use on the finger, toe, foot, earlobe, forehead, and bridge of the nose. Inadequate circulation will result in inaccurate readings. Pulse oximetry measurements are noninvasive. Normal range for an infant is 95% to 100%. Pulse oximeters display heart rate, not respiratory rate.
The nurse is auscultating the lungs of a client and detects normal vesicular breath sounds. What is a characteristic of vesicular breath sounds?
They are low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields. Explanation: Normal breath sounds include vesicular (low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields), bronchial (loud, high-pitched sounds heard primarily over the trachea and larynx), and bronchovesicular (medium-pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi) sounds. Crackles are soft, high-pitched discontinuous (intermittent) popping sounds.
Which guideline is recommended for determining suction catheter depth when suctioning an endotracheal tube?
Using a suction catheter with centimeter increments on it, insert the suction catheter into the endotracheal tube until the centimeter markings on both the endotracheal tube and catheter align, and insert the suction catheter no further than an additional 1 cm. Explanation: Guidelines to determine suction catheter depth include the following: Using a suction catheter with centimeter increments on it, insert the suction catheter into the endotracheal tube until the centimeter markings on both the endotracheal tube and catheter align, and insert the suction catheter no further than an additional 1 cm past the length of the endotracheal tube. Combine the length of the endotracheal tube and any adapter being used, and add an additional 1 cm. Using a spare endotracheal or tracheostomy tube of the same size as being used for the client, insert the suction catheter to the end of the tube and note the length of catheter used to reach the end of the tube. For a closed system, combine the length of the endotracheal or tracheostomy tube and any adapter being used, and add an additional 1 cm.
The nurse is providing an educational demonstration to an older, postsurgical client. The intervention is intended to minimize the effect of what age-related change specifically relevant to such a client?
A decrease in ventilation and an ineffective cough related less air exchange, more excretions remaining in the lungs Explanation: While all these changes are possible because of age, ineffective cough is most important after surgery. The intervention provided by the nurse is directed toward minimizing pain and maximizing expulsion of secretions, thus minimizing the risk for the development of postsurgical pneumonia.
A nurse is volunteering at a day camp. A child is stung by a bee and develops wheezing in the upper airways. The child is experiencing:
a bronchospasm. Explanation: When allergic responses take place in the lungs, breathing difficulties are far more severe. Small airways become edematous, mucus production increases, and inflammatory chemical mediators cause bronchospasm.
Upon evaluation of a client's medical history, the nurse recognizes that which condition may lead to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues of the body?
chronic anemia Explanation: The majority of oxygen is carried by the red blood cells. Anemia, a decrease in the number of red blood cells or erythrocytes, results in insufficient hemoglobin available to transport oxygen. This may lead to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues of the body. Graves' disease, Parkinson's disease, and pancreatitis do not directly lead to a decrease in the number of red blood cells. Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing ("dopaminergic") neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra that causes a movement disorder. Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas.
During the physical assessment of a client who has been inactive due to a leg injury, the nurse notes that the client tends to breathe very shallowly. What technique should the nurse teach the client in order to breathe more efficiently?
deep breathing Explanation: The nurse should teach deep breathing techniques to the client who tends to breathe shallowly in order to help the client breathe more efficiently. Deep breathing is a technique for maximizing ventilation. Taking in a large volume of air fills alveoli to a greater capacity, thus improving gas exchange. Pursed-lip breathing is a form of controlled ventilation in which the client consciously prolongs the expiration phase of breathing, which helps clients to eliminate more than the usual carbon dioxide from the lungs. It is used to increase the volume of air exchanged during inspiration and expiration. Incentive spirometry, a technique for deep breathing using a calibrated device, encourages clients to reach a goal-directed volume of inspired air. Diaphragmatic breathing is breathing that promotes the use of the diaphragm rather than the upper chest muscles. It is used to increase the volume of air exchanged during inspiration and expiration.
To drain the apical sections of the upper lobes of the lungs, the nurse should place the client in which position?
high-Fowler's position Explanation: Postural drainage makes use of gravity to drain secretions from the lungs from smaller pulmonary branches into larger ones, where they can be removed by coughing. High-Fowler's position is used to drain the apical sections of the upper lobes of the lungs. Placing the client lying on the left side with a pillow under the chest wall helps to drain the right lobe of the lung. Placing the client in a side-lying position, half on the abdomen and half on the side, right and left, helps to drain the posterior sections of the upper lobes of the lungs. Trendelenburg position assists in draining the lower lobes of the lungs.
A nurse is assigned to care for a client admitted to the health care facility with the diagnosis of atelectasis. When interviewing the client, the nurse would anticipate a history of:
pneumonia. Explanation: Pneumonia, which causes the lungs to swell and stiffen, can lead to atelectasis. Stiffer lungs tend to collapse, and their alveoli also collapse. Consequently, the amount of space available for gas exchange in the lungs decreases. Croup, asthma, and alcohol use do not lead to atelectasis. Croup, which is common young children, is a condition that obstructs upper airways by swelling the throat tissues. Asthma causes the small airways to become inflamed and narrowed. Alcohol use depresses the central respiratory center.
What structural changes to the respiratory system should a nurse observe when caring for older adults?
respiratory muscles become weaker Explanation: One of the structural changes affecting the respiratory system that a nurse should observe in an older adult is respiratory muscles becoming weaker. The nurse should also observe other structural changes: the chest wall becomes stiffer as a result of calcification of the intercostals cartilage, kyphoscoliosis, and arthritic changes to costovertebral joints; the ribs and vertebrae lose calcium; the lungs become smaller and less elastic; alveoli enlarge; and alveolar walls become thinner. Diminished coughing and gag reflexes, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, and increased mouth breathing and snoring are functional changes to the respiratory system in older adults.