Chapter 4

benchmark

student performance standards (the levels of student competence in a content area) and actual measurement of group performance against an established standard at defined points along the path toward the standard. Subsequent measurements of group performance use the_____ to measure progress toward achievement.

A cognitive objective has 3 main components

the condition, the behavior, the degree.

Cognitive Objective

A learning objective that has 3 main components: condition, behavior and degree.

Quartile

The breakdown of an aggregate of percentile rankings into 4 categories (0-25th) (25th-50th) etc...

Portfolios

Consist of student work that displays mastery of skill of the task. Considered to be a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the students efforts, progress and achievements in one or more content areas.

Norm-Referenced Tests

Norm-referenced refers to standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another. Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers, typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam. Calculating norm-referenced scores is called the "norming process," and the comparison group is known as the "norming group." Norming groups typically comprise only a small subset of previous test takers, not all or even most previous test takers. Norm-referenced scores are generally reported as a percentage or percentile ranking. For example, a student who scores in the seventieth percentile performed as well or better than seventy percent of other test takers of the same age or grade level, and thirty percent of students performed better (as determined by norming-group scores). Norm-referenced tests often use a multiple-choice format, though some include open-ended, short-answer questions. They are usually based on some form of national standards, not locally determined standards or curricula. IQ tests are among the most well-known norm-referenced tests, as are developmental-screening tests, which are used to identify learning disabilities in young children or determine eligibility for special-education services. A few major norm-referenced tests include the California Achievement Test, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Stanford Achievement Test, and TerraNova. The following are a few representative examples of how norm-referenced tests and scores may be used: To determine a young child's readiness for preschool or kindergarten. These tests may be designed to measure oral-language ability, visual-motor skills, and cognitive and social development. To evaluate basic reading, writing, and math skills. Test results may be used for a wide variety of purposes, such as measuring academic progress, making course assignments, determining readiness for grade promotion, or identifying the need for additional academic support. To identify specific learning disabilities, such as autism, dyslexia, or nonverbal learning disability, or to determine eligibility for special-education services. To make program-eligibility or college-admissions decisions (in these cases, norm-referenced scores are generally evaluated alongside other information about a student). Scores on SAT or ACT exams are a common example.

Rubrics

Often developed around a set of standards or expectations, can be used for summative assessment. ______can be given to students before they begin working on a project so they know what is expected of them.

Summative Assessment

Takes place after the learning has been completed and provides information and feedback that sums up the teaching and learning process._____are used to evaluate student learning at the conclusion of a specific instructional period. _____typically at the end of a unit, course, semester, program, or school year. ____ are typically scored and graded tests, assignments, or projects that are used to determine whether students have learned what they were expected to learn during the defined instructional period.

Metacognition

The knowledge of ones own thinking processes and strategies.

Median

The point on the scale that divides a group into 2 equal subgroups.

Assessment

____________measures if and how students are learning and if the teaching methods are effectively relaying the intended messages.

Alternative assessment

________might require students to answer open ended questions, work out a solution to a problem, perform a demonstration of a skill, or in some way produce work rather than select an answer from choices on a sheet of paper.

Norm

a distribution of scores obtained from a norm group. The norm is the midpoint or median of scores or performance of the students in that group. 50% will score above and 50% will score below the norm.

Profile

a graphic compilation of the performance of an individual on a series of assessments.

Constructive-response questions

a question that requires students to construct or create something to answer the question rather than choosing from a given list. Read the article 'A Lifeline for Lions' and answer the following question. Explain whether the title helps a reader understand an important idea of this article. In your response, use information from the article that supports your explanation.

Norm Group

a random group of students selected by a test developer to take a test to provide a range of scores and establish percentiles of performance for use in establishing scoring standards.

Percentile

a score of 50% means the student scored better than 50% of the kids the same age who took the same test.

Rubric

a scoring guide used in subjective assessments

Achievement Test

a standardized test designed to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and/or skill a person has acquired, usually as a result of classroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. Spelling tests, timed arithmetic tests, and map quizzes are all examples of ___. Each measures how well students can demonstrate their knowledge of a particular academic subject or skill. Admission to colleges and graduate studies depends on ____ tests such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), which attempts to measure both aptitude and achievement, the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT), and the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). The Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) and the California Achievement Test (CAT) are examples of achievement tests given to many elementary school students around the United States.

Portfolio

a systematic and organized collection of a students work that exhibits to others the direct evidence of a students efforts, achievements, and progress over a period of time. The collection should involve the student in selection of it contents, and should include information about the performance criteria, the rubric or criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection or evaluation. ___come in many forms, from notebooks filled with documents, notes, and graphics to online digital archives and student-created websites, and they may be used at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. _____can be a physical collection of student work that includes materials such as written assignments, journal entries, completed tests, artwork, lab reports, physical projects (such as dioramas or models), and other material evidence of learning progress and academic accomplishment, including awards, honors, certifications, recommendations, written evaluations by teachers or peers, and self-reflections written by students. ____may also be digital archives, presentations, blogs, or websites that feature the same materials as physical ______, but that may also include content such as student-created videos, multimedia presentations, spreadsheets, websites, photographs, or other digital artifacts of learning.

Objective Tests

a test consisting of factual questions requiring extremely short answers that can be quickly and unambiguously scored by anyone with an answer key, thus minimizing subjective judgments by both the person taking the test and the person scoring it.EX: T/F, Multiple Choice, Matching, Short Answer.

Subjective Tests

a test in which the impression or opinion of the assessor determines the score or evaluation of performance, this type of test does not provide the learner with answers in advance. _____or essay, which permit the student to organize and present an original answer. Examples: short-answer essay, extended-response essay, problem solving, performance test items

Criterion Referenced Test

a test in which the results can be used to determine a students progress toward mastery of a content area. Performance is compared to an expected level of mastery in a content area rather than to other students scores. The scores have meaning in terms of what the student knows or can do, rather than how the test-taker compares to a reference or norm group.______are intended to measure how well a person has learned a specific body of knowledge and skills. Multiple-choice tests most people take to get a driver's license and on-the-road driving tests are both examples of criterion-referenced tests. As on most other CRTs, it is possible for everyone to earn a passing score if they know about driving rules and if they drive reasonably well. In contrast, norm-referenced tests (NRTs) are made to compare test takers to each other. On an NRT driving test, test-takers would be compared as to who knew most or least about driving rules or who drove better or worse. Scores would be reported as a percentage rank with half scoring above and half below the mid-point

Competency test

a test intended to establish that a student has met established min. standards of skills and knowledge and is thus eligible for promotion, graduation, certification or other official acknowledgement of achievement.For example, competencies that describe the knowledge and skills required for nursing practice are used to develop _____for the registered nurse exam.

Performance based assessment

a test of the ability to apply knowledge in a real life setting. Assessment of the performance is done using a rubric or analytic scoring guide to aid in objectivity. Group projects enabling a number of students to work together on a complex problem that requires planning, research, internal discussion, and group presentation. Essays assessing students' understanding of a subject through a written description, analysis, explanation, or summary. Experiments testing how well students understand scientific concepts and can carry out scientific processes. Demonstrations giving students opportunities to show their mastery of subject-area content and procedures. Portfolios allowing students to provide a broad portrait of their performance through files that contain collections of students' work, assembled over time. ​ One key feature of all performance assessments is that they require students to be active participants.

Anecdotal records

a type of informal evaluation. A teacher records observations of student performance and over time they can see patterns of growth. ____are the written observations - word for word, action for action - of exactly what a child is doing and saying.Tommy ran over to the table where other students were completing puzzles shouting, "Here I come!" He then approached another student and asked, "Can I have that puzzle?" Other student: No, I'm not finished. Jimmy: But I need that one to build my rocketship. Other student: Mrs. H says you have to wait your turn. Jimmy: Mrs. H, Mrs. H, can I have that puzzle now?

analytic scoring

a type of rubric scoring that separates the whole into categories of criteria that are examined one at a time. Student writing, for example, might be scored on the basis of grammar, organization and clarity of ideas. This is useful as a diagnostic tool.

Standards

agreed upon values used to measure the quality of student performance, instructional methods, curriculum, etc..____are concise, written descriptions of what students are expected to know and be able to do at a specific stage of their education. _____ describe educational objectives—i.e., what students should have learned by the end of a course, grade level, or grade span—but they do not describe any particular teaching practice, curriculum, or assessment method.

Authentic Assessment

aims to relate the instruction to the real-world experience of the learners. The task needs to be meaningful in order to be ___. This type of assessment values the type of thinking required to solve real-life problems.

Mastery Test

an assessment that shows mastery of a given skill or concept. If a student struggles to pass, he or she may be lacking a prerequisite skill.

Standardized Test

an objective test that is given and scored in a uniform manner. _____are carefully constructed and items are selected after trials for appropriateness and difficulty._____are designed, administered, and scored in a standard, or consistent, manner. They often use a multiple-choice format, though some include open-ended, short-answer questions. Historically, ____ tests featured rows of ovals that students filled in with a number-two pencil, but increasingly the tests are computer-based. ____ tests can be administered to large student populations of the same age or grade level in a state, region, or country, and results can be compared across individuals and groups of students. EX: Achievement Test, Aptitude Tests, College Admission Test, Psychological Test, IQ Tests.

Item analysis

analyzing each item on a test to determine the proportions of students selecting each answer; can be used to evaluate student strengths or weaknesses; may point to problems with the tests validity and to possible bias. ____is a process which examines student responses to individual test items (questions) in order to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a whole. _____ is especially valuable in improving items which will be used again in later tests, but it can also be used to eliminate ambiguous or misleading items in a single test administration. In addition, _____ is valuable for increasing instructors' skills in test construction, and identifying specific areas of course content which need greater emphasis or clarity.http://www.washington.edu/assessment/files/2015/12/itemanal.pdf

High stakes testing

any testing program whose results have important consequences for students, teachers, schools and or districts. Such stakes may include promotion, certification, graduation, or denial/approval of services and opportunity. A ____test is any test used to make important decisions about students, educators, schools, or districts, most commonly for the purpose of accountability—i.e., the attempt by federal, state, or local government agencies and school administrators to ensure that students are enrolled in effective schools and being taught by effective teachers. In general, _____means that test scores are used to determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity), advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or bonuses for administrators and teachers).

Formative Assessment

assessment occurring during the process of a unit or a course.Specific, detailed, and constructive feedback that teachers provide on student work, such as journal entries, essays, worksheets, research papers, projects, ungraded quizzes, lab results, or works of art, design, and performance."Exit slips" or "exit tickets" that quickly collect student responses to a teacher's questions at the end of a lesson or class period.

Summative examples

examinations, final exams, term papers, projects, portfolios, performances.

Diagnostic Assessment

helps to identify your students current knowledge of a subject and their skill sets and capabilities, and to clarify misconceptions before they take place. Ex (Pretests, self-assessments, discussion board responses, interviews with students).

Holistic Method

in assessment, assigning a single score based on an overall assessment of performance rather than by scoring or analyzing dimensions individually. The product is considered to be more than the sum of its parts, and so the quality of a final product or performance is evaluated rather than the process or dimension of performance. Examples and Observations: "Teachers who practice holistic grading refuse to break down a student's essay into separate problems like punctuation and paragraphing, but base their grade on their immediate 'sense of the whole'

Short answer tests

items are written either as a direct question requiring the learner to fill in a word or phase or statements in which a space has been left blank for a brief written answer

authentic assessment

measuring student performance in a "real-world" context. Tasks used in _____are meaningful and valuable, and are part of the learning process. The goal of ___is to gather evidence that students can use knowledge effectively and be able to critique their own efforts.For example, an _________ on the expedition of Lewis and Clark would grade students on journals they wrote imagining themselves as the explorers, or have them draw a map showing the route which Lewis and Clark traveled.

Mean

one of the several ways of representing a group with a single, typical score. It is figured by adding up all the individual scores in a group and dividing them by amount of people in group. Aka the average

Projects

possess authenticity through real-life related concepts as well as prior experience of the learners. Any type of method that displays what students know is a _____.

Formative Assessment

provides feedback and information during the instructional process, while learning is taking place, and while learning is occuring. Measure student progress. Primary focus is to identify areas that may need improvement. These assessments are typically not graded and gauge to students learning progress and to determine teaching effectiveness. Examples (observations during class activities, homework, reflection journals, in class activities where students present their results).

Scale Scores

scores based on a scale ranging from 001-999. _____ are useful in comparing performance in one subject area across classes, schools, districts, and other large populations, especially in monitoring change over time.

assessment

the process of observing learning; describing, collecting, recording, scoring and interpreting info about a students or ones own learning. Traditionally, student _______are used to determine placement, promotion, graduation, or retention. In the context of school reform, __________is an essential tool for evaluating the effectiveness of changes in the teaching-learning process.

High stakes summative assessment

typically given to students at the end of a set point during or at the end of a class to assess what has been learned and how well it was learned. Grades are usually an outcome of summative assessment.

Running record

used to assess reading as a student reads from a benchmark book or selection.Writing a ________requires the educator to act like a video camera, recording all significant behaviours and interactions as they happen. Whereas anecdotal records are written after the fact, ____ are written as the action is unfolding. If you were to read one out loud, it might sound a bit like the running commentary of a sports event: "Cournoyer passes the puck to Savard. Savard carries the puck down the boards, over the blue line. He winds up, he shoots, he scores!" ___written as the action is unfolding in front of you, so use the present tense when writing them.