Chapter 4

Phosphate-rich nodules form in:

intermediate to shallow depth water.

biogenous

is derived from the remains of hard parts of once-living organisms.

The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):

2 & 3

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):

2,3,4

calcerous oozes are represented by the number(s):

4

Stromatolites

A calcium carbonate sedimentary structure in which algae is trapped and makes a dome shape. Form in shallows only.

metal sulfides

A compound containing one or more metals and sulfur.

manganese nodules

A concretionary lump containing oxides of manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, and nickel found scattered over the ocean floor.

Hydrogenous

A sediment formed because of chemical reactions in the water

fecal pellets

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

Stromatalites

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except for

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?

All of them are important

diatom ooze

All the following are lithogenous sediments except:

colder water with greater amounts of carbon dioxide (Forms a carbonic acid and aids in dissolution) The higher pressure at depth speeds the dissolution

Calcium Carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with what characteristics?

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except :

Coal

abyssal clay

Deep-ocean (oceanic) deposits containing less than 30% biogenous sediment. Often oxidized and red in color, thus commonly termed red clay.

Oolites

Deposit formed of small spheres. They are usually composed of concentric layers of calcite.

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler water depths around the world. True or False

False

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True Or False

False

The deposition of radiolarian oozes is affected by the carbonate compensation depth. True Or False

False

Larger particles (Gravel, cobbles, boulders)

High energy environments are most likely to deposit...

Hydrogenous

Manganese nodules are an example of

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment:

Microscopic Spherules and Macroscopic meteor debris

Halite

NaCl (table salt)

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.

Rock and gravel than tropical water.

lithogenous

Sediment composed of mineral grains derived from the weathering of rock material and transported to the ocean by various mechanisms of transport, including running water, gravity, the movement of ice, and wind.

biogenous sediment

Sediment containing material produced by plants or animals, such as coral reefs, shell fragments, and housings of diatoms, radiolarians, foraminifers, and coccolithophores.

Cosmogenous

Sediment of extraterrestrial origin.

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called:

hydrogenous sediment

Sediment that forms from precipitation from ocean water or ion exchange between existing sediment and ocean water. Examples are manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites.

neritic deposits

Sediments deposited in the continental margin, or the neritic environment, close to shore

Biogenous

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:

glacier

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by...

Tektites

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

All of the following are true about netiric sediment deposits except:

They are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin

Calcareous shells will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True or False

True

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of the solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True or False

True

Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds. True or False

True

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True or False

True

Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf. True or False

True

Radiolorian oozes typically form near the equator. True or False

True

Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events. True or False

True

The organisms that contribute biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True or false

True

foraminifers and coccolithophores

Two significant sources of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Radiolarians and diatoms

Two significant sources of Silica (SiO2)

Coccolithophores

a microscopic planktonic form of algae encased by a covering composed of calcareous discs

siliceous ooze

accumulation of siliceous tests of diatoms, radiolarians, and other silica-secreting organisms

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

deep seafloor

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

less than 30% biogenous material

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

lithogenous sediment

All of the following statements about ocean sediments are true EXCEPT:

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges

Lithogenous sediments are those that come from

pre-existing rock material that originates on the continents or islands from erosion, volcanic eruptions, or blown dust.