Chapter 4

Gender role or sex role

"sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity" (Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender, 2019). These roles are not fixed such that the "culturally defined behaviors" for men and women may be very different 50 years ago or very different for people from other countries or tribe. In a binary system of gender roles, we only see the male and the female where men are expected to be masculine while women are expected to be feminine. This is the norm or the accepted standards of how to behave like a woman (mahinhin) or how to behave like a man (matipuno/matapang).

psychodynamic theory

his theory explains that human behaviour is the result o a person's unconscious psychological processes, and that the adult personality is crucially shaped by childhood experiences (Thornton, 2019). This theory was associated and at the same time said to challenge the psychosexual approach of Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychosexual development states that the child identify with the same sex parent, the boy identifies with his father and the girl identifies with her mother. However other psychologists were unable to find support for this claim.

gender role equity

"fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities" (International Labour Office [ILO], 2000). It is distinct and different from the concept of gender equality, which is the effective equality between men and women that entails the concept that all human beings, both men and women, are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypical views, rigid gender roles, and prejudices. Gender equality means that the different behavior, aspirations, and needs of women and men are considered, valued, and favored equally. It does not mean that women and men have to become the same but that their rights, responsibilities, and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female (ILO, 2000).

Testosterone

A major androgen hormone in males. 2. Produced predominantly by males 3. Controls the development of male sex organ. 4. Claimed to influence specific areas in brain development associated with masculine behaviour such as competitiveness, spatial skills and aggressiveness among others.

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)

All three factors continually interact with each other which affect gender development. The behaviour of a child can emerge through: 1. Observing the environment. 2. Experiences resulting from one's behaviour 3. Direct instructions from people that can directly influence the child.

Evolutionary

Chromosomes and hormones influenced gender development. The traits will be passed on to us by our parents and will be passed on to our children.. The saying "kung ano ang puno ay syang bunga" is most likely attributed to this.

The psychological theory of Gender

Gender schema theory was introduced by psychologist Sandra Bem in 1981 and asserted that children learn about male and female roles from the culture in which they live. According to the theory, children adjust their behavior to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social development.

Collective Masculinities

Gender structures of a society define particular patterns of conduct of individuals as either "masculine" or "feminine". These patterns also exist at the collective level-in institutions, such as corporations, armies, governments, and even schools. Masculinities are also defined collectively in the workplace and in informal group like street gangs.

Protest Masculinity

It is a form of marginalized masculinity which picks up themes of hegemonic masculinity in the society at large but reworks them in a context of poverty. (Connel 2005). In other words, it is akin to hegemonic masculinity but in socially-deprived contexts. • It refers to describe instances of extreme forms of sex-typed behavior on the part of some males. Key to the concept of protest masculinity are high levels of physical aggression. The protest masculinity profile is also proposed as including destructiveness, low tolerance for delay of gratification, crime, drinking, and similar dispositions (Braude 1990).

Estrogen

Primarily a female hormone 2. Determines female sexual characteristics 3. Relationship in the development of female body shapes and features of the face. 4. Affect the feelings of intimacy, attachment and the desire to have child/children.

The social Theories

Social cognitive theory The socialization theory

Cognitive development Theory

The basic principle of the theory is that a child's understanding of gender develops with age. As part of the theory, Kohlberg identified three stages in gender development.

Caring Masculinity

The emergence of caring masculinities in many parts of the world has been assessed in several reports since the early 2000s, all of them highlighting the virtuous impact of this reshape in male identities and practices for gender equality improvements in societies. (Connell 2003; Norwegian Ministry of Children and Equality 2009; Scambor et al. 2013; Levtov et al. 2015; Heilman et al. 2017; Santos et al. 2016; Wall et al. 2017)

Hierarchy and Hegemony

The form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a given setting. • Hegemonic masculinity embodies popular heroes, role models, and fictional characters. According to Kimmel (1997), hegemonic masculinity: "contains within the image of the 'man' in power, a man with power and a man of power. We equate manhood with being strong, successful, capable, reliable, and in control. The very definitions of manhood we have developed in our culture maintain the power that some

Role of chromosomes in gender development

The human body has 46 chromosomes typically arranged in 23 pairs wherein the last pair determines the biological sex as either male (XY) or female (XX) chromosomes. The XY chromosomes contan genes responsible for masculine traits and so as for the feminine traits for the XX chromosomes (McLeod, 2014). In addition this theory, believed that the masculine and feminine traits are already coded in the chromosomes (Tolibas, et. al, 2020).

The socialization Theory

There are four potential sources of gender development in children as a result of socialization. a. Parents. The primary role models of their child's growing years. b. Peers. Children conform to what their peers expect from them and behave accordingly to avoid negative reactions. c. Institutions. School, workplace, religious organizations, among others are places where stereotyping is propagated. d. Sel-socialization. An individual will behave in ways that will be beneficial for them.

Multiple masculinity

There is no pattern of masculinity that is found everywhere. • It is possible that more than one kind of masculinity can be found within a given cultural setting and within a specific class.

The biological theories of gender

These theories are the earliest approaches in explaining the physical and behavioral development of woman and man. According to this theory, gender and development begins at fertilization and is a result of chromosomes and hormones.

gender identities

They arise from our relationships to other people, and they depend upon social interaction and social recognition. As such, they influence how we understand ourselves in relation to others.

gender streotypes

generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by women and men.

femininity

gentle tender quality found in a woman's appearance, manner and nature. A feminine woman gives the impression of softness and delicateness. She has a spirit of sweet submission, and a dependency upon men for their care and protection. Nothing about her appears masculine, no male aggressiveness, competence, efficiency, fearlessness, strength, or the ability to kill her own snakes."

Sociology of gender

how society influences our understandings and perception of differences between masculinity (what society deems appropriate behaviour for a "man") and femininity (what society deems appropriate behaviour for a "woman").

Gender Roles

means how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold. Every society, ethnic group, and culture has gender role expectations, but they can be very different from group to group. They can also change in the same society over time. For example, pink used to be considered a masculine color in the U.S. while blue was considered feminine.

Masculinity

refers to the social roles, behaviors, and meanings prescribed for men in any given society at any one time. As such, it emphasizes gender, not biological sex, and the diversity of identities among different groups of men. Although we experience gender to be an internal facet of identity, the concept of masculinity is produced within the institutions of society and through our daily interactions (Kimmel 2000).

Gender roles

socially constructed and are not something that we are "born with". Society, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations