Chapter 4 APUSH
What did impressment cause?
-Riots in NY in 1757 -Early 1758-friction b/w the British authorities and the colonists was threatening to bring the war effort to a halt.
William Pitt
-English secretary of state -Began to transform American war effort by planning strategies for the Americans to follow -He appointed military commanders and issued orders to the colonists
French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)
-(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. -General Braddock failed in retaking a crucial site at the forks of the Ohio River. -British resorted to brutal military expedients as population dispersal (Nova Scotia they uprooted several French who were suspected of being disloyal to the king and scattered them throughout the English colonies. -English troops inflicted worse pain on the Indians by offering bounties to someone that could bring back evidence that they have killed an Indian. -Lots of families suffered
Iroquois Confederacy
--Forged important commercial relationship with the English and Dutch along the eastern seaboard (also the French) -They did not build close relationships with either one and put them against each other -Helped maintain an uneasy balance of power in the Great Lakes Region and beyond.
Peace of Paris (Seven years' war)
-1763 -French gave Great Britian some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India. Transferred Canada and all French terriority east of the Mississippi River (No New orleans) to Great Britain. -West of the Mississippi-given to Spain -France was out of the north american continent.
Pontiac's Rebellion
-1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. -Caused the British to write the Proclamation of 1763
English and French relationship with the Indians (18th century-French had better relations)
-English did not try to adapt to the Indian way (try to impose their social norms on them) -French offered tolerance-French married Indian women and adapted to tribal ways, Jesuit missionaries converted Indians to Catholicism without challenging their social norms.
Boston Tea Party
-1773 =strong popular support by leaders in various colonies made plans to prevent the East India Company from landing its cargoes in colonial ports. In Philadelphia and New York City =colonists kept the tea from leaving the company's ships. -In Charles Town, they stored it in a public warehouse. -In Boston, after failing to turn back the three ships in the harbor, local Patriots staged a spectacular drama. - 1773, three companies of fifty men each, masquerading as Mohawks, passed through a tremendous crowd of spectators (which served to protect them from official interference), went aboard the three ships, broke open the tea chests, and heaved them into the harbor. -news of the Boston "tea party" spread, other seaports followed the example and staged similar acts of resistance. -When the Bostonians refused to pay for the property they had destroyed, George III and Lord North decided on a policy of coercion, to be applied only against Massachusetts—the chief center of resistance. In four acts of 1774, Parliament closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced colonial self-government, permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England when accused of crimes, and provided for the quartering of troops in the colonists' barns and empty houses.
Consequences of the 7 years war on the Americans
-1st time they came together -Against common foe=1750s (British requisition and impressment policies and authority returned to the colonial assemblies-got what they wanted and confirmed the thought that the English interference in colonial affairs was not needed) -Brought a sense of community amongst the american soldiers (more of a commune then hierarchy)
During the years when the British government did not tighten its control over the colonies. (early 17th century)
-8 royal colonies came under the king's control --New Jersey (1702) --North and South Carolina (1729) --Georgia (1754) -King had to appoint governors and other colonial officials. -Parliament passed laws to supplement the Navigation acts -Parliament strengthened the mercantilist program (restricted colonial manufactures, prohibit paper currency, and regulated trade).
After Glorious Revolution (1688) and the collapse of dominion of New England in America , what happened to the British government?
-After, English government became the British government in 1707 after the union of England and Scotland. -The British government made no efforts to tighten its control over the colonies for over 70 years.
Proclamation of 1763
-Allowed Britain to control the westward movement of the whites -Confrontations b/w the Indians and colonists will be limited (costly and dangerous for trade). -Slow westward expansion down because they needed people in the eastern coast (where most of their trade was).
Virginia Resolves
-Americans possessed the same rights as the English (right to be taxed by their own representatives) -Virginians should pay no tax except those voted by the Virginia assembly -Any advocating the right of Parliament to tax Virginians should be deemed an enemy of the colony.
Patrick Henry
-Aroused Americans everywhere -Made a speech at the House of Burgesses in May 1765 concluding that George III might loose his head. -
Causes of the Albany Plan (failed attempted to create a central government)
-BF proposed a plan where Paraliament would set up in America a general governement for all of the colonies (except for Georgia and Nova Scotia). -Each colony would retain its present constitution but would grant the new general government powers and authority to govern all relations with the Indians. -Central government would have a president general appointed and paid by the king. -Legislature would be elected by colonial assemblies. -NO ONE APPROVED THIS
Tea Act
-Boycotted t1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party. -Boycotted the tea
Impressment
-British commanders forcibly enlists the colonists
50 years after the Glorious Revolution (growing power in parliament)
-British parliament established a growing supremacy over the king. -During the reigns of George I(1714-1727) and George II (1727-1760)-German born and not accustomed to English ways -The prime minister and his cabinet became the nation's real executives. --They had the ability to control the majority in parliament.
Different ways that Grenville tried to take control of the colonies
-British troops stationed in America -Mutiny Act of 1765-colonists had to assist and provision the army. -British Ships patrolled the water to search for smugglers. -Colonial manufacturing as restricted so that it could not compete with the expanding industry of Great Britain.
Currency Act of 1764
-Colonial assemblies stop issuing paper money and to retire on schedule all the paper money already in circulation
Boston Massacre
-Colonists harrasement with the new comminsioners grew intense so troops had to be stationed there-happened in Massachusetts when there was a skirmish b/w the liberty boys and dockworkers had a skirmish with the British-British fired into crowd but was an accident.
Decentralized colonial Administration (in England)
-Day-to-day administraton of colonial affairs remained decentralized and inefficient. -No colonial office in London --Closest was the Board of Trade and Plantations (1696) which was an advisory body that had little role in decisions. -Authority rested in the Privy council (central administrative agency for the government as a whole), the admiralty, and the treasury. --These agencies were responsible for administering laws in England and they did not have time to focus on colonial affairs. -There was considerable overlapping and confusion of authority among the departments.
Effects of the 7 years war on the Indians
-Disatrous b/c of British victory -Many of the tribes allied themselves with the French -Iroquois allied themselves with the English but they were very passive (english thought that it showed the duplicity of the tribe)
Effect of the 7 years war on Britain
-Enlarged Britain debt -Gave Britain more land -British leaders resented the Americans because of how inept the american militia was during the war --very mad about how some of the colonial merchants were selling food and supplies to the French and west Indies during the conflict -Caused the British to conclude that they needed more control over the colonies
What did the Proclamation of 1763 cause?
-Failed to meet the expectations of the NA -White settlers continued to sward across the boundary and claim land further into the Ohio Valley.
Robert Walpole
-First of the modern prime minister -Refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts-believed that relax trading restrictions would stimulate commerce.
What also caused England to loose hold of the colonies?
-Governors, collectors of customs, and naval officers. -Officeholders were not able and intelligent and they were appointed by the result of bribery and favoritism (not by merit) -Many appointees did not go to the colonies and they hired substitutes to take their place in America. --Deputies were not paid much and they faced temptations to augment their income with bribes. --Ex: Custom collectors waived tax to the merchants that paid them to do so.
Stamp Act of 1765
-Imposed a tax on most printed documents (newspapers, almanacs, phamplets, deeds, wills, licenses)
Ohio Valley
-Indians were trying to establish themselves as traders and English were coming in from the east. French already claimed it. -Example of different groups competing for land.
Stamp Act Congress
-James Otis persuaded the members in the colonial assembly to call an intercolonial congress for action against the new tax -Stamp Act congress met in NY with delegates from 9 colonies and decided to petition the King and parliament -Americas did not owe parliament anything and that they can be rightfully taxed through their provincial assemblies
London Officials and the colonies
-Majority of them never visited the colonies and they got their information from the agents sent to England by the colonial assemblies (lobbied for colonial interest)
Indians thought on the Proclamation of 1763
-Not happy but they saw it as the best option -Cherokee wanted to speed up the drawing of the boundary to stop the whites from going on their land. -Relations among the western tribes and British improved due to the superintendents that worked with the Indians.
Decalatory Act
-Parliament asserts their power over the colonies
How did the colonies have connections with one another?
-Population increase-Produced a continuous line of settlement along the seacoast and led to a gradual construction of roads and inter colonial trade. -Postal service helped increase communication --1691-Massachusetts, NY, PA. --1711- extended to New Hampshire --1732-extended to Virginia in the south and Georgia.
Charles Townshend
-Prime Minister -He had to deal with the Mutiny Acts which angered many colonists b/c it was another form of taxation without representation (assulting their liberties). -Disbanded theNew York Assembly until they obeyed the Mutiny Act -Levied taxes on certain goods that were imported to the Americas. --Angered the colonists because it was another form of taxation without representation. -late 1700s -Established a new board of customs commissioners in America which would stop the corruption in the colonial customs house. (did not work)
George Grenville
-Prime minister -Wanted to make the colonists obey the laws and pay a part of the cost defending and administering the empire. -1763 -He began to impose a new system of control upon the colonies
Lord North
-Prime minister after Townshend =He hoped to break the nonimportation agreement and divide the colonists
William Pitt and the beginning of 1758
-Relaxed many reforms that the Americans found repressive -He agreed to reimburse the colonists for all supplies -He returned military recruitment back to the colonies.
Benjamin Franklin
-Represented Pennsylvania, Georgia, NJ, and Massachusetts.
Colonial Legislatures
-Resistance to imperial authority -1750s-American assemblies had the right to levy taxes, make appropriations, approve appointments, and pass laws for their respective colonies. -Legislation was subject to veto by the Privy Council. - Assemblies had leverage over the governor through their control of the colonial budget and they circumvent the Privy Council by re passing disallowed laws in slightly altered form. -Looked like little parliaments and considered themselves sovereign.
Paxton Boys
-Tensions b/w the east and the backcountry (felt underrepresented in government) -They lived closer to the Indian tribes that the eastern people -Paxton Boys (1763) went into Philadelphia and demanded tax relief from the colonies and for money to help them defend themselves against the Indians.
Parliamentary leaders
-They did not want to tighten imperial control. -They depended heavily on the support of the great merchants and landholders (feared that any such experiments would require large expenditures, increase taxes, and diminish the profits they were earning from the colonial trade.
What did the colonies feel towards each other?
-Thought of themselves as loyal English royal colonies -They felt closer to England then they did not each other.
Albany Plan
-United against the French and French Indian allies. -Delegates from Penn, Maryland, NY, and New England met and discussed a treaty with the Iroquois just like the British government had advised them to do. -They talked about forming a colonial federation for the defense against the Indians.
First Continental congress
-Virginia established the first intercolonial committees of correspondence, which made possible continuous cooperation among the colonies. -Virginia also took the greatest step of all toward united action in 1774 when, after the royal governor dissolved the assembly, a special session met in the Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg, declared that the Intolerable Acts menaced the liberties of every colony, and issued a call for a Continental Congress. -Variously elected by the assemblies and by extralegal meetings, delegates from all the thirteen colonies except Georgia were present when, in September 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia. They made five major decisions. -rejected a plan (proposed by Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania) for a colonial union under British authority (much like the earlier Albany Plan). -they endorsed a statement of grievances, whose tortured language reflected the conflicts among the delegates between moderates and extremists. The statement seemed to concede Parliament's right to regulate colonial trade and addressed the king as "Most Gracious Sovereign"; but it also included a more extreme demand for the repeal of all the oppressive legislation passed since 1763. Third, they approved a series of resolutions, recommending, among other things, that the colonists make military preparations for defense against possible attack by the British troops in Boston. -they agreed to nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption as means of stopping all trade with Great Britain, and they formed a "Continental Association" to enforce the agreements. -the delegates adjourned, they agreed to meet again the next spring, thus indicating that they considered the Continental Congress a continuing organization.
Creoles
-White immigrants of French descent -Lower Mississippi emerged plantations worked by black slaves and owned by the creoles -France's North American Empire (founded by a string of communities and fortresses)
Mercy Otis Warren
-Woman who played an important role in writing the dissident literature
Effects of the Stamp Act
-Year prior stamp act only affected a small amount of people -This act affected all of Americans -Most powerful and influential people were getting affected (lawyers and merchants) -Americans saw that the British were trying to raise money and if this new tax passed without resistance then more tax will be passed.
Sugar Acts of 1764
-eliminate the illegal sugar trade b/w the colonies, French, and Spanish West Indies (stronger enforcement on the duty of sugar). -Established a new vice-admiralty court in America to accuse smugglers
Daughters of Liberty
-mocked male counterparts -Women mobilizing in response to the Tea act.
Samuel Adams
-outrage for British oppression -Morass of sin and corruption is England and public virtue survived in America -1770s-he proposed that a Committee of correspondence to be formed to publicize the grievances against England throughout the colony.
Sons of Liberty
-terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps -Adams organized in Massachusetts and sprang up elsewhere became another source of power -It members formed disciplined bands of viglinats who made certain that all colonists boycotted brotish goods -
Quebec acts
-to provide a civil government for the French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada and the Illinois country. -The law extended the boundaries of Quebec to between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. -It also granted political rights to Roman Catholics and recognized the legality of the Roman Catholic Church within the enlarged province. --In many ways it was a tolerant and long-overdue piece of legislation. -But in the inflamed atmosphere of the time, many people in the thirteen English-speaking colonies considered it a threat. -They were already alarmed by rumors that the Church of England was scheming to appoint a bishop for America who would impose Anglican authority on all the various sects. =Since the line between the Church of England and the Church of Rome had always seemed to many Americans dangerously thin, the passage of the Quebec Act convinced some of them that a plot was afoot in London to subject Americans to the tyranny of the pope. -Those interested in western lands, moreover, believed that the act would hinder westward expansion.