Chapter #4: Carbohydrates

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

Based on a 2000-kcal diet, a moderate intake of 10% of calorie intake corresponds to approximately _____ teaspoons of sugar per day.

12

What is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______.

amylopectin; amylose

Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "NutraSweet" and "Equal?"

aspartame

Which two of the following are forms of starch that are digestible by humans? a) pectine b) amylopectin c) amylose d) cellulose

b, c

Which of the following are true about cellulose? a) easily digestible b) Straight-chain polysaccharide c) Insoluble fiber d) Made of glucose molecules

b, c, d

What are common food sources for amylose?

beans vegetables breads

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

blockages in the intestine

The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to

provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system.

What is the primary function of CHO in the body?

provide energy

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch polysaccharides

Which of the following are considered nutritive sweeteners (i.e., they provide calories)?

sugar sugar alcohols

What would be the benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product?

they have fewer calories

A whole grain includes three parts: bran, germ, and endosperm. Which part is left after the grain is refined?

endosperm

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

liver

The ______ works together with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by

losing a moderate amount of weight.

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Nonfermentable fiber

In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?

blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________.

bloodstream

Like sucrose, aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram. However, aspartame is about ______ times sweeter than sucrose, so only small amounts are needed to sweeten foods.

200

A medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrate?

25%

What percentage of North Americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

How many kcal/g does CHO provide?

4

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide _______ % to _______ % of total cals in diet.

45, 65

How many grams of sugar (based on a 2000-kcal diet) would 10% of the caloric intake from added sugar be equal to?

50 grams

normal bood glucose level

70-100 mg/dl

Amylopectin makes up about ______% of the digestible starches in the diet.

80

What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?

Converted to glucose Converted to fat

What measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes?

Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4%

What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

Improves gastrointestinal health

When does a patient with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections?

In advanced stages of the disease

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called starches. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits.

What are some natural food sources of sucrose? a) sugar beets b) maple sugar c) milk d) breakdown of starches

a, b

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes? a) increased appetite b) frequent urination c) extreme thirst d) severe diarrhea

a, b, c

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes? a) nerves b) eyes c) heart d) kidneys

a, b, c, d

What are some nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States?

acesulfame-K neotame aspartame

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

decreases

What is another term for glucose?

dextrose

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are ______.

dietary fiber nonstarch polysaccharides in foods

The presence of diverticula without any symptoms is called ______; once diverticula become inflamed and bothersome, the condition is called ______.

diverticulosis; diverticulitis

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

false

True or false: Fiber does not provide any calories

false (soluble fibers provide about 1.5 kcal/g)

Which macronutrient provides 9 kcal/g?

fat

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and _____________.

fructose

What are the simple sugars?

galactose, glucose, fructose

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ________.

glucagon

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

What are the forms of CHO that can be used in cells as fuel?

glucose, glycogen

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

What conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

high fasting glucose high blood pressure high blood triglycerides low HDL cholesterol large waist circumference

What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding ketone bodies?

ketosis

Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?

maltose

Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?

saccharin

______ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

soluble

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted. fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

Compared to Caucasians in the United States, Latino/Hispanic Americans, African-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

true

True or false: Dental caries are formed when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and underlying structure by bacteria that live in the mouth.

true

True or false: Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.

true

True or false: Viscous fiber is fiber that is readily fermented.

true

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

physical inactivity family history of diabetes obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity history of gestational diabetes prediabetes