Chapter 4

Condensation

a chemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules combine to form one larger product.

sucrose

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; commonly known as table sugar, beet sugar, or cane sugar. Sucrose also occurs in many fruits and some vegetables and grains.

Lactase deficiency

a lack of the enzyme required to digest the disaccharide lactose into its component monosaccharides (glucose and galactose).

Galactose

a monosaccharide; part of the disaccharide lactose.

Glucose

a monosaccharide; sometimes known as blood sugar in the body or dextrose in foods.

Fructose

a monosaccharide; sometimes known as fruit sugar or levulose. Fructose is found abundantly in fruits, honey, and saps.

Polysaccharides

compounds composed of many monosaccharides linked together. An intermediate string of 3 to 10 monosaccharides is an oligosaccharide.

Low FODMAP diets often are used to treat which condition?

irritable bowel syndrome

the ultimate goal of digestion and absorption of sugars and starches ...

is to break them into small molecules—chiefly glucose—that the body can absorb and use

When the body is lacking glucose, fat fragments can combine to form

ketone bodies

what provides about half the energy body tissues use?

Glucose and its storage form, glycogen

resistant starches

starches that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of healthy people.

Monosaccharides

carbohydrates of the general formula that typically form a single ring. The monosaccharides important in nutrition are hexoses, sugars with six atoms of carbon and the formula . C6H12O6

when a person eats carbohydrate-rich foods, the body receives a valuable commodity ...

glucose

A major carbohydrate-digesting enzyme, ________, enters the intestine via the pancreatic duct and continues breaking down the polysaccharides to shorter glucose chains and maltose.

pancreatic amylase

starches

plant polysaccharides composed of many glucose molecules.

Sugars

simple carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, or both

Carbohydrate digestion temporarily is halted in the

stomach

carbohydrate digestion ceases in the...

stomach

in moderate amounts, _______ may add pleasure to meals without harming health. In excess, however, added sugars can be detrimental, and the average American diet currently delivers excessive amounts.

sugars

satiety

the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. Satiety determines how much time passes between meals.

Food manufacturers add sugar to their food products for many reasons. Which of the following is generally not a reason:

to remove seeds from fruit preserves

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

what delivers ample carbohydrates and fiber with little or no fat?

Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, and fruits

Glycogen

an animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; a storage form of glucose manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen is not a significant food source of carbohydrate and is not counted as a dietary carbohydrate in foods.

People with lactose intolerance

are unable to digest lactose

sucrase

breaks down sucrose into one glucose and one fructose

Which of these items is not an "added sugar"?

cinnamon

Name the disaccharide that corresponds to the monosaccharide combination.

glucose + glucose = maltose glucose + fructose = sucrose glucose + galactose = lactose

The storage form of glucose is

glycogen

dietary fibers

in plant foods, the nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI tract bacteria.

________ products typically lack fiber, they also provide carbohydrate, along with various vitamins and minerals.

milk

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides (the sugars)

Place these foods in order of their fiber content, from lowest to highest.

1/2 cup blueberries (1) 1 cup bean sprouts (2) 1/2 cup black-eyed peas (3) 1 ounce 100% bran cereal (4)

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that consumers limit their daily intake of added sugars to 10 percent or less of total kcalories. On a 2000-calorie diet, how many calories from added sugar would this be?

200

Diets rich in whole grains, vegetables, legumes, and fruits provide starches, fibers, natural sugars, and valuable vitamins and minerals. Diets that include a variety of these foods daily offer a number of health benefits. The DRI suggest that carbohydrates provide ___________ percent of the energy requirement

45 to 65

The making of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is an example of

condensation

Lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose into one glucose and one galactose

fermentable fibers

fibers that can be digested by bacteria in the GI tract.

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes

insulin

insoluble fibers

nonstarch polysaccharides that do not dissolve in water. Examples include the tough, fibrous structures found in the strings of celery and the skins of corn kernels. benefit GI health

Of the three types of dietary carbohydrates—monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides—the monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) are the most important in __________

nutrition

Disaccharide

pairs of monosaccharides linked together.

A chain of more than ten monosaccharides linked together is called a

polysaccharide

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides (starches and fibers)

A nonstarch polysaccharide that dissolves in water to form a gel is the definition of a

soluble fiber

To understand the structure of carbohydrates, look at the atoms within them. Each atom can form a certain number of chemical bonds with other atoms:

Hydrogen atoms, one Oxygen atoms, two Nitrogen atoms, three Carbon atoms, four

FODMAP

fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (sugar alcohols). these are all poorly digested

viscous fibers

fibers that have gel-forming properties. form gels in the GI tract

_________ plays the central role in carbohydrate metabolism and fuels the work of most of the body's cells. Blood glucose regulation depends on two hormones: insulin and glucagon.

glucose

State whether the following foods have a high, medium, or low glycemic index.

white rice = high corn tortilla = low apple juice = low brown rice = medium

Maltase

A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into two glucose molecules.

lactose

a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; commonly known as milk sugar.

Maltose

a disaccharide composed of two glucose units; sometimes known as malt sugar.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the small intestine where polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides—chiefly glucose—that the body can _____ _____ _____

absorb and use

amylase

an enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose (a form of starch). Amylase is a carbohydrase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.

soluble fibers

nonstarch polysaccharides that dissolve in water to form a gel. An example is pectin from fruit, which is used to thicken jellies. benefit heart disease, diabetes, cancers, and weight management

Food manufacturers add sugar to their food products for many reasons. Which of the following are generally reasons:

to add texture and color to cookies and other baked goods to balance the acidity of some foods to inhibit microbial growth in jams and jellies to make foods more flavorful