Chapter 4: Elements and Symbols

group

(family) each vertical column on the periodic table

principle quantum numbers

(n) (n=1, n=2,...) generally electron in the lower energy levels are closer to the nucleus, where electrons in the higher energy levels are farther away.

write the atomic symbol for the isotope with the following: 50 electrons and 72 neutrons

122/50 Sn

How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? argon

18 protons 18 electrons

write the complete electron configuration: lithium

1s^2 2s^1

write the complete electron configuration: boron

1s^2 2s^2 2p^1

write the complete electron configuration: sodium

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1

write the complete electron configuration: magnesium

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2

write the atomic symbol for the isotope with the following: a mercury atom with 122 neutrons

202/80 Hg

How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? manganese

25 protons 25 electrons

write the atomic symbol for the isotope with the following: 15 protons 16 neutrons

31/15 P

write the atomic symbol for the isotope with the following: a chlorine atom with 18 neutrons

35/17 Cl

argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. write the atomic symbol for each of these symbols.

36/18 Ar 38/18 Ar 40/18 Ar

How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? cadmium

48 protons 48 electrons

How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? iodine

53 protons 53 electrons

write the atomic symbol for the isotope with the following: 35 protons and 45 neutrons

80/35 Br

match the statements: 1. they have the same shape. 2. the maximum number of electrons is the same 3. they are in the same energy level. A. as and 2s orbitals B. 3s and 3p sublevels C. 3p and 4p sublevels D. three 3p orbitals

A. 1 and 2 B. 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 1, 2, and 3`

argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. which isotope is the most prevalent in this sample of argon?.

Ar-40 it's mass is the closest to the mass of argon on the periodic table

write the symbol for the element: barium

Ba

Give the symbol of the element described: Group 4A (14), Period 2

C

Give the symbol of the element described: Group 2A (2), Period 4

Ca

write the symbol for the element: calcium

Ca

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 20

Calcium

write the symbol for the element: copper

Cu

write the symbol for the element: iron

Fe

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 9

Fluorine

Identify the group or period described: contains the alkali metals

Group 1A (1)

Give the symbol of the element described: a noble gas in period

He

on a dry day your hair flies apart when you brush it. How would you explain this?

In this process of brushing hair, strands become charged with like charges that repel each other.

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 53

Iodine

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 3

Lithium

metalloids

Located on the thick line on the periodic table. exhibit some properties that are typical of the metals and other properties that are characteristics of nonmetals.

write the symbol for the element: manganese

Mn

Give the symbol of the element described: an alkaline metal in period 3

Na

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 10

Neon

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 8

Oxygen

write the symbol for the element: lead

Pb

Identify the group or period described: contains elements C, N, and O

Period 2

Identify the group or period described: ends with neon

Period 2

write the symbol for the element: platinum

Pt

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 14

Silicon

write the name of the symbol for the element with this atomic number: 30

Zinc

write an abbreviated electron configuration: carbon

[He] 2s^2 2p^2

write an abbreviated electron configuration: fluorine

[He] 2s^2 2p^5

write an abbreviated electron configuration: silicon

[Ne] 3s^2 3p^2

write an abbreviated electron configuration: phosphorus

[Ne] 3s^2 3p^3

electron configuration

a notation used to indicate the placement of the electrons of an atom in order of increasing energy. written with the lowest energy sublevel first, followed by the next lowest energy sublevel. electron is shown as a subscript.

would you use the atomic number, mass number, or both to determine this? number of electrons in a neutral atom.

atomic number

would you use the atomic number, mass number, or both to determine this? number of protons in an atom.

atomic number

Isotopes

atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neurons.

would you use the atomic number, mass number, or both to determine this? number of neutrons in an atom.

both

write the names of the elements in each of the following formulas of compounds used in health and medicine: plaster casts, CaSO4

cacium, sulfur, oxygen

write the name of the element for the symbol: C

carbon

write the names of the elements in each of the following formulas of compounds used in health and medicine: Demerol, C15H22ClNO2

carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen

write the name of the element for the symbol: Cl

chlorine

blocks on the periodic table: P Block

consists of the elements in Group 3A to Group 8A. there are six p block elements in each period because three p orbitals can holdup to six electrons. the period number indicates the particular p sublevel that is filling.

blocks on the periodic table: D Block

containing transition elements, first appears after calcium. there are 10 elements in each periodof the d block because five d orbitals can hold up to 10 electrons. the particular d sublevel is one less (n-1) than the period number.

What did rutherford determine about the structure of the atom from his gold-foil experiment?

contains small, compact nucleus that is positively charged

lewis symbol

convenient way to represent the valence electrons, which are shown as dots placed on the sides, top, or bottom of the symbol for the element. one to four valence electrons are arranged as single dots. when there are five to eight electrons, one or more electrons are paired.

atomic size

determined by the distance of the valence electrons from the nucleus.

sublevels

each energy level consists of one or more sublevels. electrons with identical energy, identified by the letters: s, p, d and f. = to principle quantum number n.

period

each horizontal row in the periodic table

Identify as a proton, neutron or an electron: has the smallest mass

electron

Identify as a proton, neutron or an electron: is found outside the nucleus

electron

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost energy level. these valence electrons occupy the s and p sublevels with the highest principle quantum number.

metallic character

element that loses valence electrons easily. more previlant in the elements (metals) on the left side of the periodic table and decreases going from the left to the right across a period.

ionization energy

energy needed to remove one electron from an atom in teh gaseous state.

atomic number

equal to the number of protons in every atom of that element. this is the whole number that appears above the symbol of the element on the periodic table.

T/F a proton is attracted to a neutron

false; a proton is attracted to an electron.

noble gases

found in group 8A. quite nonreactive and are seldom found in combination with other elements.

halogens

found on the right side of the periodic table group 7A. Highly reactive and form compounds with most of the elements.

Identify the group or period described: begins with helium.

group 8A (18)

blocks on the periodic table: S Block

includes hydrogen and helium as well as the elements in group 1A and group 2A. this means the final one or two electrons inthe elements of the s block are located in an s orbital. the period number indicates the particular orbital that is filling.

blocks on the periodic table: F Block

inner transition elements, are the two rows at the bottom of the periodic table. there are 14 elements in each f block because seven f orbitals can hold up to 14 electrons. elements that have atomic numbers higher than 57 (La) have electrons in the 4f block. the particular sublevel is two less (n-2) that the period number.

write the name of the element for the symbol: I

iodine

would you use the atomic number, mass number, or both to determine this? number of particles in the nucleus.

mass number

number of neutrons in a nucleus

mass number - number of protons

mass of the atom

masses of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: Calcium

metal

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: a shiny element

metal

electrons

much smaller than an atom and have extremely small masses negatively charged

Identify as a proton, neutron or an electron: is electrically neutral

neutron

write the name of the element for the symbol: N

nitrogen

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: Sulfur

non metal

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: Located in Group 8A (18)

nonmetal

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: an element that is a gas at room temperature

nonmetal

Identify as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: bromine

nonmetal

nonmetals

not shiny, ductile, or malleable, often poor conductors of heat and electricity.

mass number

number of protons + number of neutrons does not appear on the periodic table because it only applies to single elements.

group number

on periodic table, the number written at the top of every vertical column (group).

chemical symbols

one or two letter abbreviations for the names of elements

atomic mass unit (amu)

one twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom, which has a nucleus containing six protons and six neutrons. also called a dalton (Da)

neutron

particle that is neutral

Protons

positively charged much heavier than electrons

Identify as a proton, neutron or an electron: has a 1+ charge

proton

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons smaller bits of matter

write the name of the element for the symbol: Se

selenium

alkaline earth metals

shiny metals from group 1A but are not as reactive.

metals

shiny solids. can be shaped into wires, or hammered into float sheets. good conductors of heat and electricity. usually melt at higher temperatures than nonmetals. mercury is the only metal liquid at room temperature.

Orbital Diagram

shows the placement of the electrons in the orbitals in order of increasing energy.

Atom

smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of an element

write the names of the elements in each of the following formulas of compounds used in health and medicine: table salt, NaCl

sodium, chlorine

alkali metals

soft, shiny metals that are good conductors of heat and electricity and have relatively low melting points. react vigorously with water and form white products when they combine with oxygen.

describe the shape of the orbital. 1s

spherical

describe the shape of the orbital. 5s

spherical

3 step guide to drawing orbital diagrams

step 1. draw boxes to represent the occupied orbitals step 2. place a pair of electrons with opposite spins in each filled orbital. step 3. place the remaining electrons in the last occupied sublevel in separate orbitals.

write the name of the element for the symbol: S

sulfur

periodic table

the arrangement of 118 elements

argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. how are they different?

the atomic massof Ar listed on the periodic table is the weighted average atomic mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes.

compare the terms electron configuration and abbreviated electron configuration

the electron configuration sows the number of electrons in each sublevel of an atom. the abbreviated electron configuration uses the symbol of the preceding noble gas to show completed sublevels.

energy level

the energy of each electron

Indicate the number of the following: orbitals in the 3d sublevel

there are five orbitals in the 3d sublevel.

Indicate the number of the following: orbitals in the n=3 energy level

there are nine orbitals in the n=3 energy level.

Indicate the number of the following: 5d sublevel

there is a maximum of 10 electrons in the 5d sublevel.

Indicate the number of the following: 3p sublevel

there is a maximum of six electrons in the 3p sublevel

indicate the maximum number of electrons: 2p orbital

there is a maximum of two electrons in a 2p orbital

Indicate the number of the following: n=4 energy level

there is a maximum of32electrons in the n=4 energy level.

Indicate the number of the following: orbitals in the 6s sublevel

there is one orbital in the 6s sublevel

Indicate the number of the following: sublevels in the n=1 energy level.

there is one sublevel in the n=1 energy level.

argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. how are the isotopes alike?

they have the same number of protons and electrons

Orbital

three dimensional volume in which electrons have the highest probability of being found.

T/F A proton and an electron have opposite charges

true

T/F electrons repel each other

true

T/F the nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom

true

describe the shape of the orbital. 2p

two lobes

atomic symbol

used to distinguish between the different isotopes of an element. indicates the mass number in the upper left corner and atomic number in the lower left corner.

nucleus

very dense. very small

atomic mass

weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of the element. on the periodic table, this is the number with all the decimal places that is given below the symbol of each element.

write the name of the element for the symbol: Zn

zinc