Chapter 4

The Black population is about

- 13.5% of the U.S. population

Which of the following statements about the education, employment, and/or earnings of Blacks/African Americans is true?

- Black unemployment is higher than the unemployment of every other racial/ethnic group at the same educational level.

Regarding employment of Black women,

- Black women who work for unionized firms earn more than Black women who work for non-unionized firms.

Which of the following is true of the Black population?

- Blacks have a slightly higher birthrate than Whites. -A younger population means a larger proportion of Blacks will enter the workforce in the future. -Underutilization of Blacks' skills at work contributes to their illness and early death.

Which of the following statements about the education and earnings of Blacks/African Americans is true?

- Different educational levels between Blacks and Whites do not completely explain the Black/White earnings gap.

Regarding involuntary servitude in the United States:

- During the same time that Africans were first sold in the U.S., Whites were also held as indentured servants.

Which of the following statements is not true about sexual harassment of Black women?

- Early on Black women were likely to be overrepresented in cases of sexual harassment brought against organizations, but are not currently overrepresented.

Glass ceilings and glass walls are likely to be strengthened by all of the practices below except:

- Providing mentoring opportunities for women and minorities to take on positions involved with finance.

Glass ceiling

- an invisible barrier that prevents women, minorities, and people with disabilities from advancing past a certain level in organizations.

New Racism

- beliefs that racism no longer exist and that Blacks (or other racial groups) have attained excessive, unfair gains through programs such as affirmative action, resulting in discrimination when opportunity or rationale to do so arises.

Differences in Black/White accumulation of wealth are influenced by

- differences in inheritance. -effects of discrimination which limits the ability of Blacks to acquire and thus pass on wealth. -disparities in mortgage loan approvals and rates for comparably credit-worthy Blacks and Whites. -racial segregation of neighborhoods.

Discrimination against customers

- has negative effects on organizations' ability to market to diverse customer groups.

In empirical research on access to employment, researchers found that

- having higher quality resumes did not increase the number of callbacks for Black applicants.

Glass walls are

- horizontal barriers that confine minorities and women to certain positions within organizations.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

- included lunch counter sit-ins that college students organized.

Glass walls

- invisible barriers that confine minorities and women to certain types of position within organizations.

In a study on employment and earnings of native and immigrant Blacks and Whites, Bucher found that

- native and immigrant Blacks had similar earnings. -African-born Blacks had higher educational levels than native-born Blacks.

Discouraged Workers

- people who have become so discouraged about the lack of employment opportunities that they have stopped looking for jobs and have dropped out of the workforce.

In a study of car pricing, researchers found

- race and sex were related to initial offer prices and to the final prices offered testers.

Harry Holzer's research investigating the relationships between firm size and employment hiring practices indicates that:

- small companies hire much smaller percentages of Black employees than larger companies do.

Underemployed, Underemployment

- the employment of workers at less than their full potential, including those working part-time, temporary, or intermittent jobs but desiring regular full-time work, those working for lower wages than their skills would indicate or in positions requiring considerably lower skills than they possess, and those involuntarily working outside of their fields.

In research involving matched pairs of Black and White applicant testers to investigate the effects of having a criminal record on job search outcomes,

- the negative effect of having a criminal record on employment opportunities was 40% larger for Blacks than for Whites.

Statistical Discrimination

- using, observable characteristics as proxies for information about the productivity of workers.

Access Discrimination

- when people are denied employment opportunities, or "access" to jobs, based on their race, sex, age, or other factors not related to productivity.

Treatment Discrimination

- when people are employed but are treated differently once employed, receiving fewer job-related rewards, resources, or opportunities than they should receive based on job-related criteria.

Racial Socialization

-behaviors, communications, and interactions concerning their cultural heritage and the appropriate responses to racial hostility and discrimination that Black parents model and explain to Black children.

"New racism"

-describes beliefs that racism is a thing of the past and that Blacks have attained excessive, unfair gains through programs such as affirmative action. -occurs when those who do not demonstrate overt racism use excuses, such as business justifications, to discriminate. -was demonstrated in research studies when unqualified Whites were chosen over qualified Blacks.