chapter 4 neuroscience practice questions
Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are a. receptor blockers. b. agonists of the neurotransmitter. c. antagonists of the neurotransmitter. d. autoreceptor blockers. e. amino acids.
C
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia are typically a. serotonin antagonists. b. serotonin agonists. c. dopamine antagonists. d. morphine-based. e. dopamine agonists.
C
How does the summation of PSPs occur? a. based on the previous firing of an action potential b. if a membrane potential of -92 mV is present c. over space and over time d. only when IPSPs outnumber EPSPs e. based on the absence of K+ ions
C
How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out? a. to the axon hillock b. to the terminal buttons c. no more than a couple of millimeters d. about 72 millimeters e. from a sensory receptor to the cerebral cortex
C
In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to a. l-dopa. b. tyrosine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine. e. serotonin.
C
Ionotropic receptors are associated with a. ribosomes. b. neurotransmitters. c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. vesicles. e. G proteins.
C
Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called a. gap junctions. b. PSPs. c. ion channels. d. vesicles. e. connexons.
C
Monoamines are divided into two groups: a. amino acids and peptides. b. peptides and proteins. c. catecholamines and indolamines. d. peptides and polypeptides. e. catecholamines and dopamine.
C
Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by a. their high internal concentration. b. their low external concentration. c. the negative resting potential. d. cytoplasmic potentials. e. the disintegration of natrium.
C
Neurons recycle a. neurotransmitter molecules that have been present in the synapse longer than 27 hours. b. dopamine and acetylcholine, but not other neurotransmitters. c. vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis. d. glia cells that have been used in large-molecule neurotransmission. e. acetylcholinesterase found in the interior of a presynaptic cell membrane.
C
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body and then a. stored in the Golgi complex until they are broken down. b. released by the Golgi complex into the synapse. c. transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons. d. stored in ribosomes with small-molecule neurotransmitters. e. transported along the axons to the nodes of Ranvier.
C
Neurotransmitters are often stored in a. mitochondria. b. ribosomes. c. synaptic vesicles. d. nodes of Ranvier. e. the synaptic cleft.
C
Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more ________ compared to inside the membranes. a. inhibitory neurotransmitters b. neurotransmitters c. Na+ ions d. K+ ions e. nuclei
C
Serotonin is synthesized from a. tyrosine. b. l-dopa. c. tryptophan. d. norepinephrine. e. epinephrine.
C
Sodium-potassium pumps are a. integrators. b. refractory. c. transporters. d. excitatory. e. inhibitory.
C
Sodium-potassium pumps transport _________ for every _________. a. 3 K+ ions out of a cell; 2 Na+ ions transported in b. 2 Na+ ions out of a cell; 2 K+ ions transported in c. 3 Na+ ions out of a cell; 2 K+ ions transported in d. 3 Na+ ions into a cell; 3 K+ ions transported out e. 3 Na+ ions into a cell; 2 K+ ions transported out
C
The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is impossible to initiate another action potential in the same neuron, is called the a. threshold of excitation. b. threshold of inhibition. c. absolute refractory period. d. IPSP. e. relative refractory period.
C
The major psychoactive ingredient in opium is a. enkephalin. b. muscarine. c. morphine. d. curare. e. indolamine.
C
The narrow space between two cells that allows electrical signals and small molecules to pass between cytoplasms is the a. axon hillock. b. synapse. c. gap junction. d. dendritic spine. e. synaptic vesicle.
C
The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are a. about the size of a neuron. b. coated in a neurotransmitter solution. c. less than one-thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. d. jagged, rather than the smooth tips of extracellular electrodes. e. designed to administer a constant -70mV charge.
C
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's autoreceptors without activating them are usually a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. enzymes. d. endorphins. e. amino acids.
A
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are a. receptor blockers. b. agonists of the neurotransmitter. c. autoreceptors. d. degrading enzymes. e. neurotransmitter precursors.
A
Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually a. agonists of that neurotransmitter. b. antagonists of that neurotransmitter. c. enzymes of that neurotransmitter. d. receptor blockers. e. ligands of that neurotransmitter.
A
Endorphins are a. neuropeptides. b. monoamines. c. cholinergic. d. adrenergic. e. serotonergic.
A
Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are a. amino acid neurotransmitters. b. large-molecule neurotransmitters. c. transmitters at slow-acting, diffuse synapses. d. catecholamines. e. monoamines.
A
In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that a. are less diffuse. b. develop more slowly. c. are more enduring. d. are more varied. e. are more diffuse.
A
In its resting state, a neuron is said to be a. polarized. b. depolarized. c. hypopolarized. d. hyperpolarized. e. firing.
A
Soluble-gas neurotransmitters are a. synthesized in the neural cytoplasm. b. synthesized from aspartate. c. classified as neuropeptides. d. synthesized from epinephrine. e. examples of large-molecule neurotransmitters.
A
Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are a. endorphins. b. autoreceptors. c. exogenous. d. benzodiazepines. e. false transmitters.
A
The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the a. sodium channels close. b. sodium channels open. c. potassium channels open. d. potassium channels close. e. hyperpolarization phase ends.
A
The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon toward the cell body. b. increases the firing rate. c. increases the speed of axonal transmission. d. produces a second, negative action potential. e. produces saltatory conduction.
A
This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist, it is an extract of the belladonna plant, and it has pupil-dilating effects: a. atropine. b. curare. c. morphine. d. opium. e. librium.
A
Neuropeptides travel in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons a. at regular intervals every third day after they are produced. b. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per second. c. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per minute. d. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day. e. instantaneously.
D
Orthodromic is to antidromic as away is to a. leave. b. home. c. gone. d. return. e. outward.
D
Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged a. membrane potentials. b. EPSPs. c. IPSPs. d. ions. e. crystals.
D
Second messengers can a. be synthesized in response to activation of ionotropic receptors. b. create G proteins. c. induce IPSPs but not EPSPs. d. bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis. e. inhibit the production of neurotransmitters in a vesicle.
D
The abbreviation 5-HT is often used to identify a. serotonin. b. GABA. c. unconventional neurotransmitters. d. glutamate. e. acetylcholine.
D
Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain a. small-molecule neurotransmitters. b. neuropeptides. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. e. glutamate.
B
Metabotropic receptors are associated with a. ligand-activated ion channels. b. signal proteins and G proteins. c. ionotropic receptors. d. vesicles. e. receptor subtypes.
B
Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by a. an unknown process. b. electrostatic pressure. c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. selective ion channels. e. nonrandom movement.
B
Neuropeptide transmitters are a. all released by the pituitary gland. b. amino acid chains. c. small-molecule neurotransmitters. d. classified as unconventional neurotransmitters. e. all released by the hypothalamus.
B
One neurotransmitter is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. acetylcholinesterase. d. norepinephrine. e. glutamate.
B
Second messengers are formed in the a. presynaptic neuron. b. postsynaptic neuron. c. synaptic cleft. d. vesicles. e. mitochondria.
B
Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting a. Na+ ions into neurons. b. K+ ions into neurons. c. P+ ions out of neurons. d. CL1 ions into neurons. e. Mo- ions out of neurons
B
The conduction of an action potential along any axon is regulated by the action of a. nodes of Ranvier. b. voltage-activated ion channels. c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. myelin. e. EPSPs.
B
The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the a. absolute refractory period. b. relative refractory period. c. voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron. d. sodium-potassium pump. e. ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron.
B
The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as a. excitation. b. exocytosis. c. synthesis. d. metabolism. e. expulsion.
B
The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are a. amphetaminergic. b. nicotinic. c. muscarinic. d. norpatinic. e. dopaminergic.
B
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by a. an efflux of sodium ions. b. an influx of calcium ions. c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. e. the release of calcium ions from the buttons.
B
The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is a. active. b. decremental. c. extremely slow. d. incremental. e. unmeasurable.
B
There are three kinds of spatial summation and a. one kind of temporal summation. b. two kinds of temporal summation. c. three kinds of temporal summation. d. four kinds of temporal summation. e. no such thing as temporal summation.
B
Whether a neuron fires is determined by a. the presence of an EPSP. b. the net effect of synaptic activity at the receptive area of that neuron. c. the balance of PSPs reaching the neuron's dendrites. d. how far past 100 millimeters a PSP travels. e. the absence of an IPSP.
B
Nondirected synapses a. involve neurotransmitter release and reception in close proximity. b. are of the dendrodenritic type exclusively. c. involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions. d. are of the axoaxonic type exclusively. e. include string-of-beads synapses.
E
Parkinson's disease is treated by administering a. dopamine. b. serotonin. c. acetylcholine. d. norepinephrine. e. l-dopa.
E
The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter after it has been released into the synapse is a. dopamine. b. l-dopa. c. acetylcholine. d. acetylcholinesterase. e. a G protein.
D
When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the a. cell fires. b. cell stops firing. c. ligand is deactivated. d. associated ion channel opens or closes. e. EPSP gradually increases.
D
Which extract from the belladonna plant was used by ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes? a. opium b. diazepam c. d-tubocurare d. atropine e. endorphin
D
Which substance is a monoamine? a. acetylcholine b. glycine c. flourequine d. serotonin e. glutamate
D
Small-molecule neurotransmitters are packaged in vesicles by a. Golgi complexes. b. ribosomes. c. buttons. d. peptides. e. microtubules.
A
"Reptilian stare" is a phrase sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face associated with a. Parkinson's disease. b. multiple sclerosis. c. old age. d. infancy. e.Alzheimer's disease.
A
A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called a. an IPSP. b. an EPSP. c. a depolarization. d. an excitatory potential. e. transportation.
A
A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that a. binds to acetylcholine. b. stimulates acetylcholine's synthesis. c. facilitates acetylcholine's release. d. degrades acetylcholine. e. inhibits acetylcholine.
A
Action potentials are produced by the a. opening of voltage-activated sodium channels. b. closing of ligand-activated chloride channels. c. closing of ligand-activated potassium channels. d. opening of ligand-activated potassium channels. e. closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.
A
After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by a. reuptake. b. synaptic enzymes. c. the postsynaptic receptors. d. deactivating enzymes. e. ribosomes.
A
At rest, a. a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. b. the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron. c. a neuron shows no electrical activity. d. a neuron is in a depolarized state. e. a neuron has a membrane potential of about +70 mV.
A
Axon terminal buttons that synapse with cell bodies are called a. axosomatic synapses. b. axiomatic synapses. c. axoaxonic synapses. d. axiolytic synapses. e. axodendritic synapses.
A
Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by a. axoaxonic synapses. b. axodendritic synapses. c. dendrodendritic synapses. d. axosomatic synapses. e. dendroaxiomatic synapses.
A
Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons a. is faster than in unmyelinated axons. b. is slower than in unmyelinated axons. c. is possible in only an antidromic direction. d. requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons. e. is always inhibitory.
A
Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because a. the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. b. the relative refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. c. the total refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. d. the sodium-potassium pump cannot repolarize the cell in less than 1 millisecond. e. higher rates over-excite the neuron.
A
Neurons without axons do not a. generate action potentials. b. exist. c. exist in mammals. d. exist in humans. e. produce inhibition.
A
Neuropeptides are composed of __________, essentially making them a kind of __________. A. amino acids; short protein B. cytoplasm; long-form acid C. incomplete proteins; ribosome D. ribosomes; vesicle E. amino acids; long protein
A
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on a. ribosomes. b. the Golgi complex. c. vesicles. d. mitochondria. e. microtubules.
A
Nitric oxide is a. a soluble gas neurotransmitter. b. classified as an amino acid neurotransmitter. c. synthesized from tyrosine. d. a synonym for adrenalin. e. classified as a monoamine.
A
Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons? a. monoamines b. amino acids c. glutamate and GABA d. soluble gases e. peptides
A
Which passive force acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? a. random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b. kalium flux, which produces natrium pressure c. sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally d. electrostatic decay, which dissolves ions inside a cell membrane. e. channel gradation, which selectively influences non-Na+ receptors
A
Which sequence correctly describes the activity of neurotransmitters? a. synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake b. reuptake, synthesis, deactivation, exocytosis c. deactivation, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, storage d. storage, deactivation, synthesis, exocytosis e. exocytosis, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, reuptake
A
Which substance is a cholinergic antagonist? a. curare b. pituitary peptides c. serotonin d. nicotine e. anandamide
A
Which substance is found in neurons that release norepinephrine? a. dopamine b. glutamate c. glycine d. epinephrine e. indolamine
A
Why should the Hodgkin-Huxley model be applied cautiously to understanding the mechanisms of cerebral neurons? a. Their research was based on a type of neuron in a particular species that may not generalize to activity in the mammalian brain. b. It shouldn't be applied cautiously; it is a rigorous and factual account of the only way synaptic transmission takes place. c. The theory was thoroughly discredited shortly after it was proposed in the scientific literature. d. No subsequent studies have been able to identify electrical impulses as a component of neural conduction. e. The discovery of anti-neurons in most mammalian brains casts doubt on the soundness of the theoretical model.
A
Acetylcholine is a. a large-molecule neurotransmitter. b. synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule. c. an indolamine. d. an unconventional neurotransmitter. e. a catecholamine.
B
After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the a. sodium-potassium pump. b. random movement of ions. c. refractory period. d. electrostatic gradient. e. EPSPs.
B
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a. absolution. b. enzymatic degradation. c. G proteins. d. ribosomes. e. amino acids.
B
After they are released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by a. binding to presynaptic receptors. b. binding to postsynaptic receptors. c. entering postsynaptic neurons. d. binding directly to calcium ions. e. attaching to vesicles.
B
Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own a. EPSPs. b. neurotransmitter. c. IPSPs. d. second messengers. e. action potentials.
B
Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to a. epilepsy. b. schizophrenia. c. Parkinson's disease. d. paralysis. e. Huntington's disease.
B
Conduction of action potentials from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is a. extremely rare. b. antidromic. c. orthodromic. d. palindromic. e. lampadromic.
B
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. a. facilitators b. agonists c. antagonists d. autoreceptors e. endorphins
B
Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as a. inhibitory is to excitatory. b. IPSPs are to EPSPs. c. APs are to IPSPs. d. APs are to EPSPs. e. many APs are to few APs.
B
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce a. their effects more rapidly. b. longer lasting effects. c. more localized effects. d. unpredictable effects. e. effects that are less varied.
B
Conduction of action potentials along an axon is a. instantaneous. b. decremental. c. nondecremental. d. entirely passive. e. always saltatory.
C
Which structures are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release? a. dendritic receptors b. autoreceptors c. dendritic spines d. postsynaptic receptors e. somatic receptors
B
Which substance is a nicotinic antagonist? a. glutamate b. curare c. atropine d. indolamine e. aspartate
B
Which substance is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system? a. GABA b. glutamate c. dopamine d. acetylcholine e. aspartate
B
Which substance is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system? a. glycine b. GABA c. glutamate d. serotonin e. dopamine
B
__________ are prevalent throughout the mammalian brain, and appear to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type. a. Neuropeptides b. Gap junctions c. Multipolar neurons d. Chemical synapses e. G proteins
B
A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between a. neuron membranes. b. synapses and cell bodies. c. the inside and outside of a cell. d. nuclei and tracts. e. ganglia and nerves.
C
According to the theory proposed by Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in the 1950s, a. Na+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. b. Na+ ions are continuously pumped into a resting neuron. c. K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. d. K+ ions are continuously pumped out of a resting neuron. e. Na+ ions continuously transform into K+ ions.
C
Action potentials are said to be all-or-none responses; this means that action potentials a. are the same as IPSPs. b. cannot be predicted in a particular neuron. c. occur fully or not at all. d. are graded responses. e.are the same as EPSPs.
C
Action potentials originate at the a. terminal buttons. b. synapses. c. axon initial segment. d. nodes of Ranvier. e. nucleus.
C
Active conduction is to passive conduction as a. IPSPs are to APs. b. EPSPs are to IPSPs. c. APs are to EPSPs. d. EPSPs are to APs. e. excitation is to inhibition.
C
Atropine is a(n) a. extract of opium. b. cholinergic agonist. c. muscarinic antagonist. d. pupil constrictor. e. catecholamine.
C
Autoreceptors are commonly found in a. somas. b. postsynaptic membranes. c. presynaptic membranes. d. synaptic vesicles. e. ribosomes.
C
Axodendritic synapses a. are rare. b. often terminate on the axon hillock. c. always terminate on dendrites. d. sometimes terminate on cell bodies. e. result from the intertwining of two or more axons.
C
Botox is a(n) a. cholinergic antagonist. b. extract of belladonna. c. nicotinic antagonist. d. extract of curare. e. dopaminergic antagonist.
C
By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death: a. atropine. b. chlordiazepoxide. c. curare. d. morphine. e. belladonna.
C
Cocaine and amphetamines are a. antipsychotic drugs. b. used to treat Parkinson's disease. c. dopamine agonists. d. serotonin antagonists. e.dopamine antagonists.
C
Which statement correctly summarizes a valid general principle of synaptic transmission? a. Each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter. b. Each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype. c. Receptors are in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. d. All neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. e. All neurotransmitter molecules are the same shape and size.
C
Which substance is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter? a. nitric oxide b. aspartate c. anandamide d. THC e. indolamine
C
Which substance is classified as an amino acid neurotransmitter? a. epinephrine b. acetylcholine c. glycine d. indolamine e. serotonin
C
Which substance is synthesized directly from tyrosine? a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. l-dopa d. serotonin e. GABA
C
Which substances are synthesized from tyrosine? a. neuropeptides b. indolamines c. catecholamines d. amino acids e. acetylcholine
C
A neuron normally fires when a. its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated. b. there is an EPSP. c. there is an IPSP. d. the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation. e. its buttons are stimulated.
D
Approximately how many neuropeptides are currently classified as neurotransmitters? a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. just over 100 e. almost 3,000
D
Glial cells have been shown to a. be a type of neuron. b. contain no active receptors for neurotransmitters. c. inhibit neuronal signals. d. influence synaptic transmission. e. all be variations on Schwann cells.
D
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors a. are less prevalent. b. produce shorter effects. c. produce effects that are more localized. d. produce effects that take longer to develop. e. are not found in mammals.
D
In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about a. the speed of light. b. 186,000 miles per second. c. 1 meter per second. d. 60 meters per second. e. 100 meters per second.
D
Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a. a monoamine. b. a soluble gas. c. tryptophan. d. an indolamine. e. a choline molecule.
E
Adrenergic neurons release a. serotonin. b. norepinephrine. c. dopamine. d. acetylcholine. e. epinephrine.
E
Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because a. dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the peripheral nervous system. b. Parkinson's disease is a cholinergic dysfunction. c. Parkinson's disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction. d. behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice. e.dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
E
During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the a. opening of sodium channels. b. closing of chloride channels. c. opening of chloride channels. d. closing of potassium channels. e. opening of potassium channels.
E
EPSPs are a. graded responses. b. postsynaptic responses. c. transmitted decrementally. d. depolarizations. e. all of the above
E
IPSP is to EPSP as a. graded is to nongraded. b. excitatory is to inhibitory. c. cable properties are to noncable properties. d. presynaptic is to postsynaptic. e. hyperpolarization is to depolarization.
E
Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called a. covalence. b. ionotropism. c. cohabitation. d. metabotropism. e. coexistence.
E
The transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons is characterized as a. ionic transformation. b. postsynaptic incrementation. c. dromotropic conduction. d. inhibitory transmission. e. saltatory conduction.
E
Which substances are considered to be large-molecule neurotransmitters? a. unconventional neurotransmitters b. monoamine neurotransmitters c. amino acid neurotransmitters d. acetylcholine e. neuropeptides
E