Chapter 4 Nutrition

C--diff

A "fecal transplant" (taking feces from a healthy person and introducing it into the large intestine of a patient) is used to treat

vomiting

A physician should be contacted when ______, lasts more than 24 hours and is accompanied by blood, signs of dehydration, severe abdominal pain, weakness or fever, and diarrhea.

surface area

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger

Although the actual causes of inflammatory bowel disease are unknown, the disease typically results from ______.

order: 1, 3, 2

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (starting at the beginning of the small intestine). Instructions 1. duodenum 2. ileum 3. jejunum

mastication

Chewing food or _____ makes it easier to swallow food increasing the surface area of the food, giving enzymes greater access to nutrients.

2, 3, & 4

Choose helpful strategies to reduce the risk of heartburn. 1. lower the head below the waist when sleeping 2. do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands 3. lose excess body weight 4. do not overeat at mealtimes

1, 2, and 4

Choose the components of gastric juice. 1. mucus and hydrchloric acid 2. digestive enzymes 3. hormones 4. intrinsic factors

A hollow space through which food and fluid pass

Choose the definition that best describes lumen.

1 & 3

Choose the functions of intestinal bacteria. 1. synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters 2. controls inflammation 3. strengthen bones, teeth, and promote regular heart rhythm and smooth muscle contractions

1

Choose the most accurate description of the GI tract. 1. a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length 2. used for the creation of proteins from amino acids 3. organs that assist in the functions of the digestive system

hemorrhoids

Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement play a role in the development of

in the stomach

Chyme is formed ______

2, 3, and 4

Crohn's Disease often results in the formation of ______. 1. lung blockages 2. fistulas 3. intestinal abscesses 4. intestinal blockages

gastric ulcer

Deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating are symptoms of a _____ ______

2 to 4 cups

How much bile does the liver make every day?

low

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice.

ulcerative colitis

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

1, 2, & 5

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine 1. has increased 2. bacterial action lacks villi 3. is longer in length 4. has decreased bacterial action 5. lacks digestive enzymes 6. has increased secretions of enzymes

vitamin B-12

Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of

1, 2, & 3

Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by 1. constipation 2. loose stool 3. sensation of incomplete elimination 4. extreme weight lose

saliva

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _____, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

consuming more fiber and fluids daily

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

bile

One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

order: 2, 1, 3, 4, 5

Place items in order from lowest pH ending with the item that has the highest pH. 1. black coffee 2. lemon juice 3. water 4. baking soda 5. oven cleaner

fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

Researchers are testing the safety and effectiveness of using ______ to treat a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection.

3 & 4

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include ______. 1. dizziness, fatigue, fever, and diarrhea 2. excruciating pain in the lower abdomen that lasts for several hours 3. feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating 4. deep dull upper abdominal pain

has not

The FDA ______ approved health claims for probiotics.

large

The ____ intestine doesn't have a villi

the stomach helps

The acid in ______ to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

stomach

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

bioavailability

The amount of a particular nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body is called ______

lumen

The cavity or channel within a tube such as the GI tract is called the ______

numbers 2, 3, and 4

The gut microbiota is an ecosystem of ______ that colonize the intestinal tract. 1. neurotransmitters 2. bacteria 3. fungi 4. viruses

liver

The hepatic portal vein takes water-soluble nutrients to the ______.

2 & 3

The length of time it takes for the stomach to empty 1. remains constant in an effort to maintain homeostasis 2. varies with the amount of liquid consumed 3. is influenced by the amount of food and type of nutrients consumed

accessory

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered ______ structures.

bile; digestion

The main function of ______ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat ______.

mechanical digestion

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

simple diffusion

The movement of a nutrient from higher concentration (i.e. lumen) to where it is less concentrated (i.e. absorptive cells) is called

higher

The pH of household ammonia is ______ than the pH of lemon juice.

1 & 4

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______. 1. metabolize undigested food 2. decrease the amount of antibodies produced 3. make some vitamins and neurotransmitters 4. increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria

diarrhea

The term to describe frequent bowel movements with loose or watery stools is

drink more water

To remedy constipation, you should

True

True or false: An item with a low pH is acidic.

very little

Under normal circumstances, ______ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

intestinal bacteria

Warding off pathogens, breaking down toxic substances, and helping with the development of the immune system are all functions of ______.

peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ______

intrinsic factor

What is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B-12?

H. pylori

What is responsible for the development of most stomach ulcers?

it protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digestive enzymes

What is the benefit of the thick layer of mucus that lines the stomach?

water-soluble compounds

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

closes

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

1, 3, & 4

Which of the following are functions of the stomach? 1. Produces and secretes HCl 2. Eliminates waste products of food 3. Begins chemical digestion of protein 4. Secretes protective lubricant

umami

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

hoarseness, nausea, and gagging

Which of the following is a symptom of GERD? 1. hoarseness 2. weight gain 3. nausea 4. gagging

smell

Which of the following senses has the greatest effect on taste?

2. Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Which statement about the digestion of nutrients is true? 1. Any carbohydrate, fat, and protein that is not needed by the body eventually moves into the rectum for removal from the body. 2. Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine. 3. Almost all carbohydrate and fat are absorbed in the small intestine, leaving protein to be predominately absorbed in the large intestine.

diverticulosis

_____ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon.

the liver

_____ uses cholesterol to make bile

facilitated diffusion

_______ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy. Multiple choice question.

active transport

_________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein.

probiotics

are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts

lower stomach

chyme is formed in the ______ as food is mixed with digestive secretions