Chapter 4. Prenatal Development

Inability of body to process a common protein: Tay-Sachs disease. Malformed red blood cells interfere with oxygen supply: Causing tiredness and weakness. Lack of a certain blood chemical makes body unable to process certain fats in the brain and nerve cells: An enzyme is a protein that speeds up or controls certain chemical reactions. Extra chromosome 21 typically results in mental retardation: Down Syndrome.

Identify each birth defect described below.

Tests amniotic fluid: Amniocentesis. Test that uses sound waves: Ultrasound. Tests blood abnormal levels of a protein: Alpha-fetoprotein. Tests tissues: Chorionic villi sampling.

In the diagram below, write the name of the prenatal test in the box with its description. Prenatal Tests.

It is Appropriate, If they want another child and they see a woman who is pregnant and doesn't want a baby she would offer it to the two parents who want a second child.

Alberto and Diane, parents of a healthy eight-year old, want another child. There is a history of birth defects in Diane's family. They are going to visit with a genetic counselor. Is this Appropriate or Inappropriate? Explain your answer.

She misses her period. Her breast start to swell. Need to urinate more frequenty.

Briefly summarize the change that commonly occur in a woman during the first two months of pregnancy.

Fallopian Tube - It is a tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. Uterus - It is the organ in a woman's body in which a baby develops during pregnancy. Sperm - It is when a sperm reaches the fallopian tube, it may penetrate and fertilize the ovum. Ovum - It is the egg cell.

Briefly summarize the process of conception. Use the following terms in your summary: Fallopian tube, uterus, sperm, ovum.

It is Appropriate, Yes in order to have a child you should never do drugs since it can cause your baby to have physical problems when it's born.

Chantal and her husband Charles want to have a baby. Since they made this decision, they both have quit smoking. Is this Appropriate or Inappropriate? Explain your answer.

Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects are similar but less to a degree. FAS is mother's who consume alcohol during pregnancy. FAE is abnormalities caused by a mother consuming alcohol during her pregnancy.

Compare fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects. How are they similar? How are they different?

Adoption: By adopting a child, a couple legally takes on all responsibilities and rights for rising, loving, and caring for a child. Artificial Insemination: Sperm is injected into a woman's uterus. Invitro Fertilization: An egg from the woman is removed and fertilized with sperm from the man and then placed in the woman's uterus. Ovum transfer: An ovum has been donated by another woman. Surrogate mother: Is a woman who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman.

Complete the following chart about options for infertility.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): Tests blood for abnormal levels of a protein. There is no risk. Ultrasound: Sound waves are used to make a video image of the unborn baby. There is no risk. Amniocentesis: Tests amniotic fluid. There is a small risk. Chorionic Villi sampling: Tests tissues. There is a big risk.

Complete the following chart about prenatal tests.

The Germinal Stage - Conception to two weeks - It is the stage that is the fertilized egg. The Embryonic Stage - Third through eighth week - It is the stage that start to develop the baby. The Fetal Stage - Eighth or ninth week through birth - It is the stage that the vocal cords develop, and the digestive system and kindeys begin to function

Complete the following chart about the stages of prenatal development.

Environment: The people, places, and things that surround and influence a person, including family, home, school, and community. Heredity: The biological transfer of certain characteristics from earlier generations. Errors in chromosomes: Anomaly, Abnormality, Aberration, or Mutation is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. Interaction of heredity and environment: Some birth defects are caused by a combination of heredity and the environment.

Describe the causes of birth defects within each category listed below.

Caffeine: It is a beverage many people drink each day. Caffeine is often not considered a drug, but it is. Tobacco: Nicotine found in tobacco is harmful to the health of any person. Cocaine: Emotional - behavior development if it gets into the baby's blood.

Describe the possible effects on a baby of each hazard listed below.

It is Appropriate, Then she should go into the doctor to ask if her child will have spina bifida like her best friend's baby did.

Emily is a healthy twenty-three-year-old. She has just found out she's pregnant. Her best friend's baby was born with spina bifida. Emily is afraid that her child may be born with some birth defect and requests having special prenatal tests. Is this Appropriate or Inappropriate? Explain your answer.

Identical twins: Have very similar physical characteristics and are always the same gender. Fraternal twins: They may not look alike. They just happen to be in the mother's uterus at the same time.

Explain how each of the following occurs:

Miscarriage: When the developing baby dies prior to the twentieth week of pregnancy. Stillbirth: When the fetus dies after the twentieth week of pregnancy.

Explain the difference between a miscarriage and a stillbirth.

Dominant gene is a stronger gene which the characteristics controlled by the dominant gene. Recessive gene is a weaker gene which the recessive gene will not be expressed.

Explain the difference between dominant genes and recessive genes.

A. Amniotic fluid: It is the amniotic sac that is formed from special layers of cells in the uterus. B. Placenta: It is a tissue that connects the developing baby to the uterus. C. Umbilical cord: It is a long tube connects the baby to the placenta.

Explain what each of the following is and describe the functions each performs.

Cleft palate: Gap in roof of the mouth. Muscular dystrophy: Progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles. Hydrocephalus: Overly rapid growth of the head. Cystic fibrosis: Very salty sweat and a cough that does not go away. Cerebral palsy: Child slow to develop motor skills. Spine bifida: Incompletely formed spinal cord. Sickle cell anemia: Tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain.

Match the symptoms in the left-hand column to the birth defects listed in the right-hand column. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank to the left of each symptom.

It is Inappropriate, She needs to make a connection with her friend and they can probably make some money and then Miranda could then make an appointment to go into the hospital and see a doctor.

Miranda suspected that she might be pregnant so she took a home pregnancy test, which confirmed that she was. A friend has told her to see a doctor, but Miranda says she can not afford it now. Is this Appropriate or Inappropriate? Explain your answer.

A chromosome is a tiny threadlike structure in the nucleus of every cell. A gene is a unit that determines a human's inherited characteristics. A genome is a complete blueprint for the creation of a person. DNA are the complex molecules that make up the genes.

Summarize the relationship between chromosomes, genes, genomes, and DNA.

There personal beliefs may limit a couple's options.

What are two reasons a couple who want children might not use these options?

They educate individuals, families, and communities about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources and research.

What does a genetic counselor do?

At the end of the third trimester, the baby settles, or drops lower, into the mother's pelvis. Lightening is known as dropping into a lower postion for the baby which is not a good predictor of when labor begins.

What is "lightening'' and when does it occur?

Heredity is a program that provides locally run child care facilities designed to help lower income for school. 1. roll tongue. 2. eye color. 3. hair color.

What is heredity? Name three charateristics that can be heredity.

Abstinent.

What is the only guaranteed way to avoid pregnancy?

Mother or father can provide either X or Y chromosome. Mother chromosome.

Which parent can provide either an X or Y chromosome to the baby? Which chromosome must come from this parent for the child to be female?

Caused your baby could get some of that stuff in its fluid and it could lead something dangerous to your baby's behaviors when its ready to be born and delivered.

Why is it critical to avoid taking medications in the first three months of pregnancy unless specifically prescribed?