Chapter 4 Quiz

Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for socializing a child? a.Choose an environment to suit the child's temperament. b.Tailor discipline to the child's specific temperament. c.Use power assertion. d.Foster a secure, loving attachment.

Use power assertion.

An experiment conducted with children who had been living in Romanian orphanages revealed that _____ could develop a secure attachment.

the majority of children who had spent 20 months or less in the orphanage

Pick the statement that Bowlby or another attachment theorist would make. a."A loving primary attachment figure is crucial to mental health." b."Motherless monkeys are remarkably resilient." c."Not being reinforced for whining teaches a child to be independent." d."Humans get attached to the person who feeds them."

"A loving primary attachment figure is crucial to mental health."

In 2005-2006, the poorest 20 percent of American families spent about _______ per year per child on "enrichment expenditures," while the richest 20 percent spent about _______ per year per child.

$1,500; $9,500

One in _____ mothers return to work during their babies' first year of life.

2

Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:

2 to 3 years old.

According to one study cited in the textbook, 1 in _____ parents label their toddlers as having problematic behavior that was "off the charts."

3

Being impoverished during the first _____ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school.

4

Roughly 1 in _____ children in the United States live under the poverty line.

4

For the past _____ years, young children have been more likely to live in poverty than any other age group in the United States.

40

About 1 in _____ middle-class European American toddlers are inhibited.

5

The average cost of child care each year ranged from $_____ to $_____.

5,000; 15,000

At what age does separation anxiety typically emerge?

7 months of age

Baby Jamey has recently become visibly upset when her mother leaves the room. Jamey is approximately _____ months old and experiencing _____.

7; separation anxiety

Which statement about attachment is NOT true? a.Babies around the world get attached to a primary caregiver at about the same age. b.Attachment status at age 1 never changes. c.Attachment status can change from secure to insecure (and vice versa). d.Most babies around the world are securely attached.

Attachment status at age 1 never changes.

_____ devised the psychosocial stages of development in which toddlers focus on autonomy.

Erikson

What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler? a.Insulate the child from socially stressful situations. b.Force the child into as many stressful situations as possible. c.Gently push the child into a few stressful situations. d.React as one normally would with any child.

Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.

_____ separated baby monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in a cage with a wire-mesh mother and a cloth mother.

Harlow

The federal program that provides free high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called:

Head Start.

What is the MOST important advantage of attending a high-quality preschool? a.It gives children a cognitive boost. b.It improves social skills. c.It promotes independence. d.It improves the parent-child attachment bond.

It gives children a cognitive boost.

What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships?

It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having lifelong loving relationships.

Which statement is false? a.Temperamentally fearful children are at risk of being shy adults. b.Parents should tailor their child-rearing style to their child's unique temperament c.Highly active, exuberant toddlers are at risk of having acting-out problems. d.People can easily change their temperament.

People can easily change their temperament.

Which statement about day care is false? a.Putting a child in day care even part time is rarely an appropriate choice. b.Day care in the United States varies dramatically in quality. c.Day-care workers are poorly paid in the United States. d.Children with more vulnerable temperaments are at greatest risk when placed in low-quality day care.

Putting a child in day care even part time is rarely an appropriate choice.

Which person is the MOST compliant and, therefore, easy to socialize? a.an exuberant boy b.any intelligent child c.any inhibited child d.an exuberant girl

any inhibited child

MOST babies who attend day care: a.are securely attached to their parents. b.have superior preschool skills. c.are insecurely attached to their parents. d.have superior social skills as adults.

are securely attached to their parents.

Children's ability to obey rules when adults are NOT around is an early sign of:

a conscience

An insecurely attached child is at risk for later problems in relationships with peers. Which of the following can aid an insecure child's adjustment? a.exposure to many different caregivers b.a secure attachment with a teacher c.punitive parenting d.emotional intelligence training

a secure attachment with a teacher

Early-childhood poverty in the United States has its MOST dramatic impact on: a.attachment. b.emotion regulation. c.physical abilities. d.academic performance.

academic performance.

This is not only the core of infancy but the core of life itself

attachment

Brenda is 2 years old and is trying to dress herself. When her mother tries to help, Brenda screams and pushes her away. Brenda is demonstrating:

autonomy

David is almost 3 years old and has learned to brush his teeth by himself. When his father tries to brush his teeth, David grabs the toothbrush from his father and does it himself. These actions are a result of:

autonomy

The so-called "terrible twos" are a result of:

autonomy

After being separated, children who don't seem to care when their primary caregiver re-enters the room may have a(n) _____ attachment style.

avoidant

"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years." This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called:

clear-cut attachment.

Stranger anxiety in babies shows the onset of:

clear-cut attachment.

Casey is almost 4 years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, "Don't touch the cookies," and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating:

conscience

The development of _____ is the ability to adopt internal standards for behavior.

conscience

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) on Early Child Care found that: a.day care did not weaken the attachment bond to caregivers. b.girls benefited more from day care than boys. c.the number of hours spent in daycare had no impact on development. d.high-quality day care did not provide cognitive benefits to children.

day care did not weaken the attachment bond to caregivers.

In a classic study, babies were classified into three temperamental styles. Which of the following was NOT a category in this classification scheme? a.slow to warm up b.difficult c.easy d.depressed

depressed

Which attachment style is the strongest predictor of later relationships with others?

disorganized attachment

Preschool is BEST described as a(n): a.educational setting serving children ages 3 to 5. b.educational setting primarily for middle-class kids. c.more strict setting than day care. d.educational setting focused on improving IQ.

educational setting serving children ages 3 to 5.

Konrad Lorenz was a(n):

ethologist

Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _____, became the attachment-eliciting stimulus for goslings.

ethologist

All of these characteristics are associated with difficult socialization in toddlerhood EXCEPT: a.fearful. b.joyful. c.fearless. d.exuberant.

fearful

Toddlers with this temperament are more obedient.

fearful

Inhibited toddlers can be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT: a.excessively cry at 4 months of age. b.over-focus on threatening stimuli in their teens. c.demonstrate an inability to ignore distracting stimuli by 9 months of age. d.get excited when presented with something new.

get excited when presented with something new.

When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style:

have trouble being soothed.

The Strange Situation is a research procedure used to assess:

infant attachment.

Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research indicates that about 1 in 5 middle-class European American toddlers can be classified as:

inhibited

In selecting a good day-care center, parents should do everything EXCEPT: a.look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad. b.consider their child's temperament. c.look for small child-teacher ratios. d.look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers.

look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad.

Long hours spent in day care: a.promote superior socialization skills. b.may have slightly negative effects on later development. c.promote greater independence. d.have no effects on later development.

may have slightly negative effects on later development.

During the clear-cut phase of attachment, babies: a.do not usually prefer a particular caregiver. b.always prefer the mother. c.often prefer the day-care provider. d.may prefer one caregiver.

may prefer one caregiver.

Family day care often has _____ while day-care centers have _____. a.a larger number of children; a smaller number of children b.more caregiver stability; a larger number of children c.more caregiver stability; a smaller number of children d.a larger number of children; more caregiver stability

more caregiver stability; a larger number of children

When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situations go away?

never

Who cares for most U.S. infants and toddlers during the day?

parents and other relatives

For a baby with a difficult temperament: a.most kinds of caregiving will promote a secure attachment. b.particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment. c.it's easy to promote a secure attachment. d.it's practically impossible to achieve a secure attachment.

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.

Which of the following is NOT a typical behavior of toddlers? a.angry moods b.wants everything right now c.patience d.easily upset

patience

During the first 3 months of life, babies are in what Bowlby called the _____ phase.

preattachment

Tommy is an exuberant toddler. His parents should: a.provide positive guidance. b.use power assertion. c.adhere to strict rules. d.treat him like Jane, his mellow sister.

provide positive guidance

When frightened by a neighbor's large dog, 4-year-old Amy cried and ran to her mother. Amy showed:

proximity-seeking behavior.

Ghadia joyfully runs to her primary caregiver after being separated. Ghadia is showing a(n) _____ attachment.

secure

During Erikson's autonomy stage in the second and third years of life, children become:

self-aware.

These feelings first emerge around the age of 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self.

self-conscious emotions

he Strange Situation involves repeatedly

separating and reuniting the child with the primary caregiver.

Baby Lydia is having her 1-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby Lydia is showing:

social referencing.

Self-conscious emotions are important for: a.attachment. b.conscience. c.socialization. d.autonomy.

socialization

When Stacey tells her 2-year-old daughter to say "please" and "thank you," Stacey is trying to:

socialize her daughter.

Early Head Start: a.is available to all children under age 3. b.is ineffective and being phased out. c.provides a high-quality preschool experience for low-income children. d.supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers.

supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers.

When a caregiver and infant respond emotionally to each other in a sensitive and attuned way, it is called:

synchrony

Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each other's signals. This joyful attunement is called:

synchrony.

A person's characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world is called:

temperament

Harry Harlow's research with isolation-reared monkeys showed that: a.the psychoanalytic model of attachment was wrong. b.the behaviorist idea that one gets attached through being fed was wrong. c.the attachment response is genetically programmed. d.animals do not form attachments with their young.

the behaviorist idea that one gets attached through being fed was wrong.

Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called _____ and begins at about _____ months of age.

the social smile; 2

What force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first 5 years of life? a.their relationship with primary caregivers b.their relationship with peers c.their relationship with teachers d.whether or not they attend day care

their relationship with primary caregivers

Which factor has NO effect on a child's attachment security at age 1? a.the child's temperament b.the quality of the caregiver's other relationships c.the caregiver's sensitivity d.whether the primary caregiver is a mom or dad

whether the primary caregiver is a mom or dad

Parents who use power assertion: a.have well-behaved children. b.have securely attached children. c.reason with their children. d.yell, scream, or hit their children.

yell, scream, or hit their children.

In the United States, poverty is currently MOST prevalent among: a.people over age 65. b.emerging adults. c.young children. d.teenagers.

young children.