Chapter 4 Section 4 Roosevelt's Square Deal

Newlands Reclamation Act

$ from states of public lands in 6 west states which were used build irrigation outlets and reclaim wasteland to make good farming. there were 28 projects startes (Shoshone dam in wyoming and Roosavelt dam in arizona)

Hepburn Act

(1906) allowed ICC to regulate shipping prices of railroads [pro farmer] Also had the ability to set rates for ferries, tolls, oil pipelines.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Northern Securities Company

-railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act -Theodore Roosevelt broke it up with the Supreme court

Election of 1908

1) Roosevelt supports taft. Stronger interstate commerce. stronger sherman anti trust act. improved highways. revised tariff conservation reforms 2) Bryan. doesn't win. 3rd attempt. called the GOP party of the priveledged. federal income tax. lower tariff. AFL supports. 3) first time a union supports a candidate

William McKinley

1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

Department of Commerce and Labor

1903 TR est. this dept armed with the Bureau of Corporations meant to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce and clearing the road for trust-busting era

pure food and drug act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

"Great White Fleet"

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Elkins Act

Allowed the government to fine railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers, a practice that hurt farmers. 1903 law that forced railroads charge the same prices to all their customers

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Break up monopolies make them work for the public good attacks railroad industry supreme court rules agains railroads wins 44 anti-trust cases as President only go after "bad" trusts (size doesn't matter)

Trust

Combination of corporations with the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices.

"Big Stick" diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary.\tIt is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Square Deal

Fair play In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt introduced this domestic program, which emphasized the conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. Among its accomplishments, this program helped the middle class by attacking powerful trusts and monopolies. Roosevelt also created a new Department of Commerce and Labor, and managed to quell a number of labor strikes.

Gifford Pinchot

He campaigned for conservation, planned, regulated use of the nation's forest lands for various public and commercial purposes.

meat inspection act

Law passed in 1906 that begin the inspection of meat packing plants; Congress was persuaded to pass the law based on public outcry after Upton Sinclair's The Jungle was published.

Sierra Club 1892

Sierra Club founded in 1982, John Muir elected first President. Dedicated to preserving wildness of the Western Landscape. In its first conservation campaign, Muir leads effort to defeat a proposed reduction in the boundaries of Yosemite National Park.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Trustbuster

TR's nickname Moved against big Monopolies Regulates business practices w/ interest for the public

"Rough Riders"

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Panama revolution

The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt formulated this platform in the election of 1912 when he ran as the Progressive "Bull Moose" candidate. Roosevelt argued that the federal government had an interventionist role to play in the advancement of progressive democracy. Roosevelt argued that corporations should not be dismantled but should be controlled and regulated in the public interest. Roosevelt also proposed a comprehensive program of labor and social legislation. Despite Roosevelt's loss to Woodrow Wilson, this was the most progressive platform proposed by the three presidents of the Progressive Era.

Coal Strike

This 1902 strike was led by the United Mine Workers of America in the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners worked in deplorable conditions and were poorly paid. When the owners rejected demands for higher wages, an eight-hour day and recognition of the union, the miners went on strike. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities President Theodore Roosevelt called both sides together in Washington and urged a compromise. When no agreement was reached, Roosevet threatened to send federal troops to take over the mines. The miners went back to work in March 1903 and were awarded a 10% wage increase and a reduction in hours, though not an eight-hour day or recognition of the union. Previous presidents had intervened in labor disputes only to break strikes, as Cleveland had done in the Pullman Strike of 1894. Roosevelt had intervened to get a negotiated settlement and his prestige rose.

Progressive or Bull Moose Party

This political party was formed by T. Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President W.H. Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Mann Elkins Act

extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to telephone, cable, and telegraph companies

conservation

protection and preservation of natural resources