Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue whose functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes?

A

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows a muscle tissue that is under involuntary control?

A & C

Endothelium

A specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary - it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair? A) Adhesions B) Articulations C) Cysts D) Granulomas E) Osteophytes

A) Adhesions

In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells? A) Mucous membrane B) Serous membrane C) Cutaneous membrane D) Synovial membrane E) Plasma membrane

A) Mucous membrane

Which of the following types of tissues contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control? A) Skeletal muscle B) Smooth muscle C) Cardiac muscle D) Transitional epithelium E) Areolar tissue

A) Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin B) Lining the chambers of the heart C) Surrounding the brain D) Inside the ear canal E) In the cartilage found in joints

A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Desmosomes

Act as "spot welds". They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into the cytoplasm.

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

D

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the vagina?

D

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium?

E

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the upper respiratory tract and whose functions include moving mucus and othersubstances by ciliary action?

E

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the epididymis?

E

Epithelial tissue... A) is used as a covering of body surfaces B) is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs C) is used to form glands D) usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment E) All of these answer choices are correct

E) All of these answer choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? A) Bone B) Blood C) Cartilage D) Tendons E) Epidermis

E) Epidermis

Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? A) Neuroglial cells and myofibers B) Myofibers and connective tissue cells C) Neuroglial cells and neurons D) Neurons and epithelial cells E) Myofibers and neurons

E) Myofibers and Neurons

Synovial Membranes

Enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only.

Which diagram in the figure below represents a compound tubular exocrine gland?

F

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in the trachea?

F

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of this type of connective tissue.

Fibrocartilage

Mesothelium

Found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.

Transitional

Found in the bladder.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of cartilage that is most abundant in the human body?

G

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the large excretory ducts of esophageal gland and whose functions include protection and secretion?

G

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines part of the conjunctiva of the eye?

G

Muscular Tissues

Generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. They also generate heat used by the body.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood

Mucus-secreting cells found distributed among the simple columnar epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system are called...

Goblet Cells

This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together.

Ground substance

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows fibrocartilage?

H

Which of the diagrams in the figure below represents a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland?

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder walls?

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue whose structure allows it to be stretched or distended?

H

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram A?

Heat production

Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues?

Hyaluronic acid

Cartilage

Is a tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured or inflamed, repair is slow

Collagen

Is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

It is often found lining the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of connective tissue that contains the hardest matrix of all connective tissues?

J

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows blood?

K

Cuboidal

Lines ducts and sweat glands.

Simple Squamous

Makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body are referred to as...

Membranes.

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?

Osteon

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of...

Plasma

Mast Cells and Eosinophils

Play an important role in inflammation.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of...

Protein Fibers and Ground Substance.

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is...

Providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Lymphocytes

Secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders.

This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity.

Serous Membrane

Cutaneous Membrane

Skin, which is not a simple organ

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called...

Stem Cells

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the...

Stroma

Which substance is secreted by the gland shown?

Sweat

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue?

Synovial Membrane

Which of the following is not one of the main tissue types found in the human body? A) Epithelial B) Connective C) Myocardial D) Muscle E) Nervous

c) Myocardial

Which of the following figures shows tissue whose functions are secretion and absorption?

B

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the kidney tubules?

B

In the diagram shown below, where is the apical surface of the epithelial cell?

A

In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction is a tight junction?

A

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows areolar connective tissue?

A

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues? A) Cells are tightly packed together. B) Large amount of extracellular matrix. C) Contains no blood vessels within tissue. D) Found on the exposed surfaces of the body. E) Line the inside of blood vessels.

B) Large amount of extracellular matrix.

The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the...

Basement membrane.

In the diagram shown below, where is the basal surface of the epithelial cell?

C

In the diagram shown below, which cell junction is a desmosome?

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows cardiac muscle?

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows reticular connective tissue?

C

Which of the following figures shows tissue found in yellow bone marrow?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a simple columnar epithelium?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the uterinetubes?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows a type of epithelial tissue whose functions include movement of mucus over their apical surface by ciliary action?

C & E

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue? A) Blood B) Spongy bone C) Areolar connective tissue D) Elastic connective tissue E) Hyaline cartilage

C) Areolar connective tissue

Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

Cardiac muscle

Pseudostratified

Ciliated columnar is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract

Columnar

Common in the digestive tract

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram D?

Conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers.

Intracellular Junctions

Connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells.

Epithelial Tissues

Cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts

In the diagram shown below, what of the indicated structure is composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina?

D

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows dense regular connective tissue?

D

Which diagram in the figure below represents a simple acinar exocrine gland?

D

Which of the following figures shows tissue found in lymph nodes?

D

Which of the following figures shows tissue found along the developing bones of the embryo?

A

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining lymphatic vessels?

A

Apocrine

"Bud" their secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland. • The end of the cell breaks off by "decapitation", leaving a milky, viscous odorless fluid. • This type of sweat only develops a strong odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

- Appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface - Ciliated tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucous

Tight Junctions

- Are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells. - They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.

Holocrine

- Are produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell (cells are replaced by rapid division of stem cells.) • The sebaceous gland is an example of a holocrine gland, because its secretion (sebum) is released with remnants of dead cells.

Transitional Epithelium

- Change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue - In a full bladder, the cells are flattened.

Extracellular Matrix

- Connective Tissues - A non-cellular material located between and around the cells. • It consists of protein fibers and ground substance (the ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified.)

White Blood Cells

- Connective Tissues Cells - Are part of the blood

Osteocytes

- Connective Tissues Cells - Make bone

Chondrocytes

- Connective Tissues Cells - Make the various cartilaginous C.T.

Adipocytes

- Connective Tissues Cells - Store Triglycerides

Elastic Cartilage

- Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers. • It makes up the malleable part of the external ear and the epiglottis.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

- Dense Connective Tissues - Comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone).

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

- Dense Connective Tissues - Consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged. • It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions.

Elastic Connective Tissue

- Dense Connective Tissues - Consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers. • It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta).

Mucous C.T.

- Embryonic Connective Tissue - (Wharton's Jelly) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells.

Mesenchyme

- Embryonic Connective Tissue - Gives rise to all other connective tissues

Primary Germ Layers:

- Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm - Epithelial tissues from all three germ layers - C.T. and muscle are derived from Mesoderm. - Nervous tissue develops from Ectoderm.

Exocrine Glands

- Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct • Secretions of the exocrine gland include mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes. • Examples of exocrine glands are sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

- Has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells. - Locations include the sweat glands and part of the ♂ urethra

Bone

- Is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

- Is composed of a single layer of flat cells and this type of epithelial tissue is found in the air sacs of lungs, lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and in all capillaries, including those of the kidney - As the major part of a serous membrane

Hyaline Cartilage

- Is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx. • It provides a smooth surface for joint movement.

Mucous Membranes

- Line "interior" body surfaces open to the outside: • Digestive Tract • Respiratory Tract • Reproductive Tract

Serous Membranes

- Line some internal surfaces: • Parietal layer next to body wall • Serous fluid between layers • Visceral layer next to organ

Mature Connective Tissue

- Loose Connective Tissue - Dense Connective Tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Liquid

Reticular Connective Tissue

- Loose Connective Tissues - Is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells. • It forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

Adipose Tissue

- Loose Connective Tissues - Is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints. • It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source.

Areolar Connective Tissue

- Loose Connective Tissues - Is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types. • It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

5 Types of White Blood Cells

- Macrophages - Neutrophils - Mast Cells and Eosinophils - Lymphocytes

Adherens Junctions

- Make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract. - Cadherin is a glycoprotein that forms the belt-like "plaque".

Types of Exocrine Glands

- Merocrine - Apocrine - Holocrine

Embryonic Connective Tissue

- Mesenchyme - Mucous Connective Tissue

Epithelial Membranes

- Mucous Membranes - Serous Membranes - Cutaneous Membrane = Skin

The 4 Basic Tissues

- Muscular Tissue - Epithelial Tissue - Nervous Tissue - Connective Tissue

Connective Tissues (C.T.)

- Protect, Support, and Bind Organs. - Fat is a type of C.T. that stores energy. - Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all C.T. - The most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body - they are also the most heterogeneous of the tissue groups.

C.T. Cells Secrete 3 Common Fibers:

- Reticular Fibers - Elastin Fibers - Collagen Fibers

Merocrine

- Secretion is the most common manner of secretion. • The gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

- This type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin - Is a prominent feature of the outer layers of the skin.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

- This type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles of the respiratory tract - Goblet cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous

Fibrocartilage

- With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage. • Fibrocartilage discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body.

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities.

Adherens junctions and desmosomes

Neutrophils

Are also macrophages ("small eaters") that are numerous in the blood.

Blood and Lymph

Are atypical liquid connective tissues

Hemidesmosomes

Are half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane.

Gap Junctions

Are pores (connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells. If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells.

Macrophages

Are the "big eaters" that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or wandering.

Fibroblasts

Are the most numerous cell of connective tissues. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers) and a "ground substance" which varies from one C.T. to another.

Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? A) Elastic B) Reticular C) Collagen D) All of these Answer choices are correct. E) None of these Answer choices are correct.

D) All of these Answer choices are correct.

Nervous Tissues

Detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in tendons and ligaments?

E

Connective Tissues Functions

• Bind tissues together • Support and strengthen tissue • Protect and insulate internal organs • Compartmentalize and transport • Energy reserves and immune responses