Chapter 4 Tissue A&P

An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called (choose all that apply) : (a) ciliated , (b) columnar, (c) stratefied, (d) simple, (e) squamous

(c) stratefied & (e) squamous

Define tissue.

Tissues are groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function.

Name the two major components of matrix and, if applicable, subclasses of each component.

Ground substance—interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans; fibers—collagen, elastic, reticular.

Epithelial type that lines the esophagus

Stratefied squamous epithelium

Describe the process of tissue repair, making sure you indicate factors that influence this process.

Tissue repair begins during the inflammatory response with organization, during which the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue. If the wound is small and the damaged tissue is actively mitotic, the tissue will regenerate and cover the fibrous tissue forced to bridge the gap. When a wound is extensive or the damaged tissue amitotic, it is repaired only by using fibrous connective (scar) tissue.

Epithelial type that is found in urinary tract organs

Transitional epithelium

In what ways are adipose tissue and bone similar? How are they different?

Adipose and bone tissue are similar in that both tissues are connective tissues with a rich blood supply and are used for nutrient storage. They are different in their relative amounts of extracellular matrix and location of nutrient storage. Bone has ample extracellular matrix, and this is the location of nutrient storage. Adipose tissue has little extracellular matrix, and stores nutrients within the cells.

The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile or sweat through a duct is (a) an endocrine gland or (b) an exocrine gland

An exocrine gland

Provide examples from the body that illustrate four of the major functions of connective tissue.

Binding—areolar; support—cartilage; protection—bone; insulation—adipose; and transportation—blood.

Scar tissue is a variety of (a) epithelium, (b) connective tissue, (c) muscle tissue, (d) nervous tissue, (e), all of these

Connective tissue

Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support

Connective tissue

Indicate which primary tissue classes derive from each embryonic germ layer.

Ectoderm—epithelium and nervous; mesoderm—connective, muscle, and epithelium; endoderm—epithelium.

The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces

Epithelium

Name the primary cell type in connective tissue proper; in cartilage; in bone.

Fibroblast (connective tissue proper); chondroblast(in cartilage); osteoblast(in bone).

Explain the functional classification of each multicellular exocrine glands and supply an example for each class.

Merocrine glands (sweat glands) secrete their products by exocytosis; holocrine glands (oil glands) release their products by lysis of the entire cell; apocrine (not believed to be present in humans) release their products by pinching off parts of the cell contents.

The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is a(n) (a) endothelium, (b) cutaneous membrane , (c) mucous membrane, (d) serous membrane

Mucous membrane

The tissue immediately responsible for body movement

Muscle

The tissue that enables us to be aware of the external environment and to react to it

Nervous

Differentiate between the roles of neurons and the supporting cells of nervous tissue.

Neurons are highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, whereas the supporting cells (neuroglial) are nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the neurons.

Name 4 important functions of epithelial tissue and provide at least 1 example of a tissue that exemplifies each function.

Protection—stratified squamous; absorption—simple columnar; filtration—simple squamous; secretion—simple cuboidal.

Epithelial type that lines much of the respiratory tract

Pseudostratefied ciliated columnar epithelium

Epithelial type that lines most of the digestive tract

Simple columnar epithelium

Epithelial type in endothelium & mesothelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Epithelial type that forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Simple squamous epithelium

Describe the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia.

The covering and lining epithelia are classified on the basis of the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers present. The three common shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. The classes in terms of cell number are: simple (single layer) or stratified (multiple layers). In some cases, such as with endothelium, it is important to indicate their special location in the body.

What is the function of macrophages?

The macrophage system is involved in overall body defenses. Its cells are phagocytic and act in the immune response.

Matrix is extracellular. How does the matrix get to its characteristic position?

The matrix gets to its position due to secretion of its components by the undifferentiated (blast) cells located throughout the matrix.

Name the specific connective tissue type found in the following body locations: (a) forming the soft packing around organs (b) supporting the ear pinna (c) forming "stretchy" ligaments (d) first connective tissue in the embryo (e) forming the intervertebral discs (f) covering the ends of bones at joint surfaces (g) main component of subcutaneous tissue

a. areolar (p. 126) b. elastic cartilage (p. 133) c. elastic connective tissue (p. 131) d. mesenchyme (p. 126) e. fibrocartilage (p. 133) f. hyaline cartilage (p. 131) g. areolar connective tissue