Chapter 4: Tissues

Connective Tissue

supports, protects, and holds other tissues together -the most variable tissue, meaning there are a lot of different types of this tissue -some are very protective and supportive like bone tissue -some are more liquid and transports molecules, like blood (liquid connective tissue) -some are semi-solid, like cartilage (it is like a gel) -there are a lot of different functions of connective tissue

Nervous Tissue

forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle Tissue

has the ability to contract to cause movement It shortens and then relaxes and lengthens Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle (blood) Smooth muscle (move material, like the GI tract, move food down it, urinary tract, respiratory system, etc)

Function Epithelial Tissue

Provides protection, acts as a selective barrier(allow certain things through but not everything), or a secretory surface (can be a surface that we secrete material onto) Each epithelial tissue has a specific function

Epithelial Tissues

form boundaries between different environments -they form sheets of cells EXAMPLE: epidermis of the skin (epidermis of the skin is a boundary between the external environment and the internal environment) the picture showed in this card only shows one layer of cells, they are column shaped (columnar epithelial tissue) Some epithelial cells can be protective, some can allow for substances to cross it very easily

Connective Tissue Structure

Variety of types (liquid, semi-solid or gel-type, solid) -defined by extra cellular matrix

What are the 4 Basic Tissues?

1.) Epithelial Tissue 2.) Connective Tissue 3.) Muscular Tissue 4.) Nervous Tissue

When learning tissues, I must learn how to

1.) How to identify the tissue when given a picture 2.) Be able to understand the function of that tissue in the body 3.) Be able to give an example location of where you might be able to find that tissue in the body

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: What is cartilage, and what are the 3 types of cartilage?

-cartilage is a type of connective tissue(being in your nose, being in your joints) but there's at least 3 different types in the body: 1.) Hyaline Cartilage 2.) Fibrocartilage 3.) Elastic Cartilage

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Dense Connective Tissues (3 types)

-dense connective tissues The three types are: 1.) Dense Regular Connective Tissue 2.) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 3.) Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

Show a picture of an epithelial cell and describe it

-has an apical (free, not attached to anything) surface -a basal surface that is attached to connective tissue (the stuff at the very bottom of the figure) using a basement membrane (think of glue, it is the glue that connects the epithelial tissue to the connective tissue)

What are the different types of connective tissues we will be covering?

1.) Areolar Connective Tissue 2.) Adipose Tissue 3.) Reticular Connective Tissue 4.) Dense Regular Connective Tissue 5.) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 6.) Elastic Connective Tissue 7.) Hyaline Cartilage 8.) Fibrocartilage 9.) Elastic Cartilage 10.) Compact bone Tissue 11.) Blood

How are epithelial tissues categorized?

1.) Categorized based on how many layers of cells there are -some have many cell layers -some have just one layer of cells 2.) Shape of the cells

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 6.) Elastic Connective Tissue

-is a dense connective tissue -it is made up predominately of elastic fibers, which is different from the other dense connective tissues (regular and irregular) that were made up of collagen. - also is made up of fibroblasts (like the other dense connective tissues) WHERE IT IS FOUND: -structures that need to be able to stretch and recoil have a lot of this tissue EXAMPLES: -lung tissue (have to be able to expand and recoil in) -walls of elastic arteries (when you take a pulse, what you're palpating, what you feel is the stretching and the recoiling of an artery) -respiratory tract -penis -ligaments between the vertebrae But really remember that it is found in lung tissue and the walls of elastic arteries just a reminder that with these flashcards you need to study the picture, especially the underlined stuff that he underlined with blue

NERVOUS TISSUE

-nervous tissue is just nervous tissue, there are no subcategories -is made up of cells, the cells are neurons or nerve cells or there's some sort of supporting cell called neuroglia cells -neurons are neurons because they can produce action potentials, they can generate nerve impulses & that transmits information throughout the body ( we can sensory information into the brain or we can have the brain control something by sending out nerve impulses) WHERE TO FIND IT: in the brain, in the spinal cord and you would find it in nerves (peripheral nerves that are used to bring information into the central nervous system or bring information out of the brain and spinal cord

Membranes (4 of them)

-there are different membranes found throughout the body 1.) Serous Membranes -line cavities that do not open directly to the outside 2.) Mucous Membranes -line body cavities that do open to the outside PLACES IN THE BODY THAT HAS MUCOUS MEMBRANES: -GI tract -reproductive tracts -respiratory tracts -urinate tract (They all open to the outside) THE 3 PLACES IN THE BODY THAT HAVE A SEROUS MEMBRANE: 1.) Pleural membrane (surrounds lungs) 2.) Pericardium (surrounds the heart) 3.) Peritoneum (surrounds organs in the abdomen) BOTH OF THESE MEMBRANES ARE MADE UP OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE the other 2 membranes are: 1.) Skin (cutaneous membrane) -are your skin (made of epithelial tissue) 2.) Synovial membrane -found in certain joints called synovial joints -made of connective tissue THE big difference between the synovial membrane and the other 3 is that synovial membranes are not epithelial tissue, they are actually connective tissue membranes SUMMARY: the 4 membranes of the body are: 1.) Serous membranes 2.) Muscular membranes 3.) Cutaneous membrane (skin) 4.) Synovial membranes

How are connective tissues named or classified?

-they aren't classified by their cells like epithelial tissues are, but is based on the extra cellular matrix that the cells produce -this extra cellular matrix could be liquid, it could be a gel like material or semi solid, solid (Ed: calcium phosphate material in bone) -connective tissues can be subcategorized: 1.) Loose connective tissues -have very loosely arranged fibers There are 3 types of loose connective tissues: 1. Areolar Connective Tissue 2. Reticular Connective Tissue 3. Adipose Tissue

EXOCRINE GLANDS HAVE 3 modes or mechanisms by which Exocrine glands work, what are they?

1.) Merocrine 2.) Aprocrine 3.) Holocrine The difference is how they produce their secretion EXAMPLE: Salivary Gland 1.) Merocrine -saliva is produced inside of the cell using the ER and Golgi complex and is exocytosed into the duct that will then deliver that saliva to the mouth EXAMPLE: Mammary Gland 2.) Apocrine -mammary glands produce milk& the secretion is made from pieces of cells, so the difference is that it is not exocytosis but instead fairly large chunks of the cells of the gland pinch off and become a portion of the secretion EXAMPLE: Sebsceous (oil) gland 3.) Holocrine -the entire cell matures, dies, and then becomes the secretory product SUMMARY: 3 different ways to make exocrine material or products: 1.) Exocytosis (MEROCRINE) 2.) Pinching off and becoming part of the secretion (APOCRINE) 3.) Having the entire cell, the whole cell become the product (HOLOCRINE)

What are the three arrangement of layers of epithelial tissue that are available?

1.) Simple -single layer of cells that is clear to see that it is a single layer of cells 2.) Pseudostratified -pseudo means false, it looks stratified, but in reality every single cell is attached to the basement membrane, so it is really a single layer of cells 3.) Stratified -many layers of cells packed on top of one another

What are the different types of epithelial tissues that we will be discussing in this class?

1.) Simple Squamous Epithelium 2.) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 3.) Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium 4.) Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium 5.) Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 6.) Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 7.) Stratified Squamous Epithelium 8.) Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 9.) Stratified Columnar Epithelium 10.) Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) EPITHELIAL TISSUE ARE KNOWN TO FORM GLANDS AND THESE ARE THE 2 GLANDS THEY FORM: 11.) Endocrine Glands 12.) Exocrine Glands Yellow indicates the ones that we need to know for this chapter

MUSCULAR TISSUE: What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

1.) Skeletal Muscle Tissue 2.) Cardiac Muscle Tissue 3.) Smooth Muscle Tissue -they're all made up of cells primarily, known as myocytes -the cells are different in these types but they all have the common theme in that they can contract and relax and that is due to proteins found in these cells -the shapes vary

What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue?

1.) Skeletal muscle 2.) Cardiac Muscle 3.) Smooth Muscle

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

1.) Squamous -flat 2.) Cuboidal -square or cube shaped 3.) Columnar -tall or columnar shaped

How do you name an epithelial tissue?

Based on the: 1.) Arrangement of Layers -simple -pseudostratified -stratified 2.) Cell Shape -squamous -cuboidal -columnar EXAMPLES : 1.) the squamous example is actually fully named: simple squamous, because it is a single layer of flat cells 2.) the cuboidal example is actually fully named: simple cuboidal, because it is a single layer of cube shaped cells 3.) the stratified example is actually fully named: stratified cuboidal, because it has many layers of square cells

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 5.) Nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium & 6.) Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE -it appears to have several layers of cells because the purple nuclei are at different levels, but it actually is just a single layer, but some cells do not extend to apical surface -it can be Ciliated or Nonciliated WHERE IT IS FOUND AND SOME FUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS -you would find Ciliated version in upper respiratory tract (in the lining of the trachea also known as windpipe) SEE THE REST OF THE DESCRIPTION FROM THE PICTURE , everything I write down in these slides are what the professor says in the lecture video

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 2.) Adipose Tissue

DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE: -is a loose connective tissue -often called fat -cells almost look empty in this picture, but they are filled with triglycerides 2 types of fat (adipose tissue) 1. White adipose tissue (most of our fat is white adipose tissue) 2. Brown adipose tissue (large number of mitochondria that generate a lot of heat) (Ex: when we're born a baby fetus, an infant, has a small amount of brown fat which helps keep that baby warm) (EX: bears have brown fat because they need to generate heat while they Hibernate) WHERE IT IS FOUND: -adipose tissue happens to be in areas where there's a large number of specialized fibroblasts that store large amounts of triglycerides -find a lot of it underneath the skin in the subcutaneous layer -found in heart and kidneys for protection -find it inside of bone (is called yellow bone marrow) -found padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket If we need to store more energy or we have excessive energy in the body (aka we eat too much) a lot of that extra energy gets converted into triglycerides and stored MAJOR FUNCTION: to store energy, act as energy reserves

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 7.) Stratified Squamous Epithelium

DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE: -many layers of cells that are flat towards the surface There are 2 types of this tissue: 1.) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium -keratin is a protein found in many cells of the epidermis, it is a tough fibrous protein that helps to protect the skin from heat, microbes, and chemicals -what makes fingernails so tough and so strong is the keratin that is found in those structures -the function is typically protection 2.) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium -does not contain keratin -inside lining of your mouthand esophagus, part of the epiglottis which is kind of like a little flap that closes off your airways when you swallow, and part of your throat (pharynx) and the lining of the vagina, and it covers the tongue - this type of stratified squamous epithelium is also very protective, an example: if you scrape the inside of your mouth, you could lose a lot of the stratified squamous without damaging the underlying tissue -the function is typically protection LOOK AT PICTURE FOR DETAILS STUDY THOSE

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 10.) Transitional Epithelium

DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE: -transitional means variable, so it appears a little different depending on how much that organ, that tissue has stretched -when this epithelial tissue is in its stretched state it looks much flatter -when this epithelial tissue is in its non-stretched state (relaxed state) the epithelium looks thicker -this one is very difficult to identify because it looks like a stratified squamous, we won't have to identify this one because it's variability but we should be able to identify the function of this one, it being able to stretch, and its location being in the urinary system (lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters (transports urine to the bladder) and the urethra (which transports urine out of the bladder)) WHERE ITS FOUND AND FUNCTION: -found in the inside lining of the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder has to be able to stretch, so when your bladder is full that inner lining has to be able to stretch and accommodate that stretch. LOOK AT THE PICTURE AND STUDY IT IN DETAIL

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 3.) Reticular Connective Tissue

DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE: -a loose connective tissue -it has a large amount of reticular fibers -these reticular fibers look like branches of a tree (reticular means branching) WHERE IT IS FOUND: -we find this in organs that if they didn't have this material they would kind of be soft and they wouldn't have any structure We find them in 3 major organs 1. Liver 2. Spleen 3. Lymph Nodes -side note: the cells that produce the reticular fibers are known as reticulocytes, a reticulocyte is just a specialized fibroblast that produces reticular fibers (they're like branches and berries) FUNCTION: -these reticular fibers offer some support, some framework for an organ

Structure Epithelial Tissue

Densely packed cells arranged in sheets: covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs (examples: stomach, urinary bladder) and cavities (examples: oral cavity, pleural cavity that houses lungs, pericardial cavity), form ducts (tubes, example: sweat glands have sweat ducts) and glands (avascular tissue (without blood vessels is what avascular means, all epithelial tissues are avascular) that can regenerate) -most epithelial tissue regenerates becausd epithelial tissue often protects and it often gets damaged, and when you damage epithelial tissue it needs to repair and regenerate itself again (EXAMPLE: epidermis of the skin we regenerate a new epidermis every few weeks, that epidermis is getting bombarded by chemicals and UV light and gets scratched and eroded by our environment, another example is the GI tract too)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 1.) Areolar Connective Tissue

Description & structure: -is a loose connective tissue -one of the most abundant and widely distributed connective tissues in the body, so it's all over the body -has a lot of different fibers: 1. collagen (strength) 2. Elastic (stretchability) 3. Reticular (for structure) -it has all of the fibers -has fibroblasts WHERE IT IS FOUND: -usually used as a "filler", where you've got one organ and then another one and a little bit of space there, a lot of times you find Areolar connective tissue "PACKING MATERIAL" -it's deep down in your skin (dermis of the skin, and even deeper than the dermis, is in the subcutaneous layer of the skin as well) FUNCTION: -gives the body some strength, some elasticity, and support STUDY THE PICTURE AS WELL

What are tissues?

Group of cells that function together to carry out specialized activities (functions)

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 12.) Exocrine Glands

LOOK AT PIC FOR DETAILS the written part of this slide includes what the professor is saying in the lecture video: -do not produce hormones -instead they produce some sort of secretion or product, it could be sweat, saliva, oil coating skin, digestive enzymes, etc. -some product that has to be delivered to some sort of surface or some sort of a cavity EXAMPLE: sweat glands, oil glands, earwax glands all need to deliver that material to the surface. - the gland itself is typically found deeper in the organ, for example: the sweat gland is found in the dermis which is underneath the epidermis, that gland is made up of epithelial tissue and then it has a little sweat duct that transports the sweat up to the surface of the skin Another example: -digestive glands, such as the salivary glands, have to make that saliva and then it needs to be transported by way of ducts to your mouth -our pancreas produces a lot of our digestive enzymes, they need to be transported to the small intestine SUMMARY: 1.) produce some sort of secretion that goes to surface or cavity and in order to get there, there has to be a duct, a little tube to deliver that secretion -ENDOCRINE GLANDS DO NOT HAVE DUCTS, their hormones go right into the blood stream

Connective Tissue Function & explaining the parts of the connective tissue shown in the picture in this flashcards

Protects, supports, and holds organs together FIBROBLASTS: fibroblasts are very common in connective tissues -it'a producing fibers, the fibers that this cell is producing are extra cellular proteins, they are proteins found outside of the cells COLLAGEN FIBERS: collagen is a very strong flexible protein, that's very abundant in connective tissues RETICULAR FIBERS: can offer a lot of support, a lot of structural integrity to an organ ELASTIC FIBERS: Highly elastic, they can stretch and then kind of recoil back (organs that have to stretch and recoil might have connective tissues with a lot of elastic fibers) Examples of organs that need a lot of elastic fibers: -skin -blood vessels -lungs ADIPOCYTES: -fat storing cells EOSINOPHILS, NEUTROPHILS, PLASMA CELLS, MAST CELLS, MACROPHAGES -all are cells of the immune system REMEMBER: -you have cells that produce fibers (fibroblasts) & you could have different kinds of fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic)

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 11.) Endocrine Glands

SIDENOTES FROM PROFESSOR: -epithelial tissues are known to form glands -a gland is simply some organ or tissue that produces either a hormone or some sort of secretion -this means that there are 2 types of glands: 1.) Endocrine Glands -secretes hormones into the bloodstream there's a whole system called the endocrine system and these organs produce many chemical messengers known as hormones to regulate a lot of other organs in the body. 2.) Exocrine Glands DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE: -if you produce a hormone, then you are an endocrine gland, that endocrine gland is largely made up of epithelial tissue LOOK AT PICTURE FOR MORE DETAILS ON THIS

MUSCULAR TISSUE: 2.) Cardiac Muscle Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION -moves blood -it's in the heart -looks more branched -they are striated like skeletal muscle tissue -where they attach to one another, there's a darker line there, and that's going to tell you that you're looking at cardiac muscle, you're gunna see these dark lines called intercalated discs (these are found wherever you have cardiac muscle cells attached to one another) -cells are branches, striated, usually one nucleus, intercalated discs found at the connections and the muscle contracts INVOLUNTARY (your heart is going to beat without you voluntarily doing it)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 4.) Dense Regular Connective Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION -is named based on the fact that the collagen fiber that makes up this tissue is very densely packed and they all run parallel to one another -the fibers are all running parallel to one another and are very tightly packed (regularly arranged in bundles) -is largely composed of collagen and fiber blasts -it's the collagen that gives this tissue strength -this is a very strong tissue, it is used to form tendons (which attach muscle to bone), it is used to form ligaments (attach bone to bone), and it forms aponeuroses (basically a flat tendon) Example of a tendon: that tough little tissue to be able to cut off in chicken is called the tendon

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 11.) Blood

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION -the liquid form of connective tissue - red blood cells are going to appear red and smaller than the white cells which appear purple. -why do white blood cells look purple? Because we have stained blood, you would not be able to see white blood cells if you didn't use some sort of a staining procedure -blood is going to have liquid called blood plasma and then it's going to have formed elements which include your red blood cells or erythrocytes, your white blood cells or leukocytes, and your platelets known as thrombocytes (a platelet is going to look like an itty bitty tiny fragments inside of the blood) FUNCTION: -transportation of all kinds of different things, EX: hormones

MUSCULAR TISSUE: 3.) Smooth Muscle Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -moves whatever's inside of the organ that it's founded in -it's involuntary, the organs that contain this muscle will contract and relax without your knowledge -it's non-striated (that's why it's called smooth) WHERE IT IS FOUND -this muscle is usually going to be found in hollow organs (a hollow organ is an organ that has some sort of internal lumen and inside that liken there might be something like a blood vessel is considered hollow it's filled with blood, your airways are hollow but filled with air, your GI tract is hollow but may or may not be filled with food, your gallbladder is a hollow organ and it is filled with bile, your urinate bladder is a hollow organ and it's filled with urine) - the pigmented part of your eye (iris) , that's a muscle and controls the pupil size and the pupil lets the light in, it's not considered a hollow organ but it does have smooth muscle -there's another smooth muscle cell attached to your hair follicles so when you're nervous and scared and your hair stands up that's an involuntary smooth muscle that causes your hair to stand up FUNCTION: -it helps blood flow in a blood vessel -it helps air flow -it helps movement of food through the GI -it helps move urine out of the urinary bladder -it helps to eject bile from the gallbladder

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 10.) Mature Connective Tissue: Bone Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: - bone is a connective tissue There are 2 types of bone tissue: 1. Compact Bone Tissue: - a lot stronger, more compact, it's made up of these cylindrical units called osteons, inside compact bones you would find bone cells called osteocytes (sit in structures called lacuna) -this compact bone tissue is more superficial in a bone so it forms more of the outer bone tissue 2. Spongy Bone Tissue: -on the inside of the bone -has more branches -looks like it would if you cut into a sponge& the little pockets are full of bone marrow -bone marrow is protected by spongy bone on the inside of many of our bones Bone tissue can also be called Osseous tissue comes in 2 types: compact and spongy

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 5.) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: - is a dense connective tissue -has the same components as the dense regular connective tissue, the only difference is that the collagen is running in all different directions, so the collagen fibers are irregularly arranged, this gives the tissue a little more strength in different directions not just a single direction EXAMPLE: You can tug and move your skin in all different directions because of dense irregular connective tissue -another good location to find this tissue is in the heart valve

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 3.) Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -side note: there is also another version of simple columnar epithelium that is Ciliated, but for this slide we are focusing on the Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium -single layer of column shaped cells -the picture to the right shows a single layer of column shaped cells with micro villi, which are little tiny finger like extensions. -the micro villi increases the surface area , which brings us to location -you might also find a goblet cell, which are found in a lot of our epithelial tissues. goblet cells produce mucus, which brings us to location. WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND& FUNCTION KINDA: Since the micro villi in this specific tissue produces more surface area, it can be found in a place where you need high surface area and that is in your small intestines, and that's because your small intestines have to absorb large amounts of nutrients into the body. - the goblet cells in this tissue, explain why these tissues are found in our digestive system, because there is a thin layer of mucus needed in our digestive system. SUMMARY OF WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND: -GI tract (stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder FUNCTION: -see picture for function description

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 7.) Hyaline Cartilage

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -the most abundant type of cartilage in the body -the hyaline part means glassy, because the extra cellular material is very shiny and king of a bluish white -the ground substance in cartilage kinda contains a gel-like material, as well as collagen and cells that are producing the cartilage. -the middle picture shows a microscopic view of the hyaline cartilage -the solid-reddish color is stained cartilage, the solid red color is the really fine collagen fibers that you can't really see, except for a solid res stain -scattered within this material are chondrocytes, chondro means cartilage, so chondrocytes are cartilage cells. the cartilage cells are sitting in little structures called lacunae. (Lacunae is like a little house that the cell resides in) WHERE IT IS FOUND: -ends of long bones, protects the ends of bones that form joints (like your shoulder, knees, hip, elbow, those joints , where those bones come together are covered in hyaline cartilage) -you find a lot of it used to attach ribs to your sternum, so this cartilage gives the thoracic cage some strength but also some flexibility -find a good amount in the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes -found in embryonic and fetal bones (the hyaline cartilage is formed first before the bone in fetuses) FUNCTION: -flexibility (but strength as well) -very supportive -of the 3 cartilages, it has been known to fracture, when someone breaks their nose, it is usually a cartilage fracture in that bone

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 4.) Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -has cilia (is more hairlike than micro villi, also cilia has a completely different function than micro villi) -cilia are used to move something along the surface, they move back and forth and kind of push something along the surface WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND & FUNCTION KINDA EXPLAINED: -found in lining of the respiratory tract (bronchioles, which are the small tubes of the respiratory tract) (cilia moves mucus) -found in the Fallopian tubes (also caked uterine tubes), to move the egg that has been removed from the ovary, through the tube, to the uterus so that's why you will find Ciliated simple columnar epithelium FUNCTION: Look at picture for more details

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 9.) Elastic Cartilage

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -is a type of cartilage -it is the most flexible cartilage -has a larger amount of elastic fibers within its matrix -still has chondrocytes like the other 2 cartilages -chondrocytes are in lacunae like the other 2 cartilages WHERE IT IS FOUND: 2 very important locations: 1. Epiglottis (a lid on top of your larynx, it closes off the larynx when you swallow so food or liquid can not get into your respiratory tract) 2. Auricle of your ear (outer funnel) FUNCTION: it provides strength, but more importantly provides elasticity

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: 8.) Fibrocartilage

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -is the strongest cartilage in the body - it is called Fibrocartilage, because it looks more fibrous (the collagen is thicker=stronger cartilage) WHERE IT IS FOUND: -this cartilage is found in a number of different locations, there's a joint that holds your hips together in the front called the pubic symphysis -intervertebral discs that separate the vertebrae in your back bone and provides a lot of strength -menisci of the knee, the menisci are those pads in between your femur and tibia, those pads are made up of cartilage It gives a little bit of cushioning and a little bit of flexibility

MUSCULAR TISSUE: 1.) Skeletal Muscle Tissue

STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION: -moves bones and skin -long and cylindrical shapes cell The 2 different types of muscles are called striated muscles (these are in only cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues, not in smooth muscle tissue) -Striations are the altering light and dark bands that you can see inside of the cell (look at the horizontal striped in middle picture) -skeletal muscle tissues are long, cylindrical, they are usually multinucleated so the cells are so long that they need more than one nucleus, so you'll find a bunch of nuclei within a single cell -skeletal muscle tissue is VOLUNTARY, we can consciously control our skeletal muscle, theres a few gray areas like the diaphragm when you breath that's involuntary, but you can actually stop that muscle from contracting you can hold your breath, you can actually speed up the contraction by hyperventilating. WHERE TO FIND IT: -usually attached to bones by tendons FUNCTION: -motion, posture, a lot of heat production, protection (like your abdominal muscles)

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 2.) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

STRUCTURE AND THE WAY IT LOOKS: -single layer of cells -looks cube shaped LOCATION: THEY LINE DUCTS AND TUBULES -forms kidney tubules. Kidneys also have little ducts to transport secretions, but they are not made of the simple cuboidal epithelium but it they do line the ducts as well -forms sweat gland ducts -ducts found in the pancreas -the sectional picture view of simple cuboidal epithelium of urinary tubes, is a sliced portion (cross-sectioned) of the kidney's tubules. The white area inside of the tubules are called the lumen. FUNCTION: -used to make a lot of little tubes in the body

PICTURE OF THE SYNOVIAL AND SKIN (cutaneous) membranes

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Quiz chapter 4

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Quizlet chapter 4

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: (remember that what is underlined is the most important part to remember for all of these pictures for the epithelial tissue types) 1.) Simple Squamous Epithelium

THE STRUCTURE AND THE WAY IT LOOKS: -single layer of flat cells -looks like a tiled floor (looking down on the surface of the cells in the picture) -they are very very thin WHERE IT CAN BE FOUND 1.) MOST COMMONLY IN THE Cardiovascular System & Lymphatic System -inside lining of your heart -inside lining of blood vessels -inside lymphatic vessel linings (In these organs we call that the endothelium, Endo means inside so it's and inside lining of the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system) 2.) ALSO FORMS THE EPITHELIAL LAYER OF THE BODY'S 3 SERIOUS MEMBRANES, so the 3 serous membranes are: 1. Peritoneum (in abdomen) 2. pleura (surrounds lungs) 3. pericardium (surrounds heart) (These 3 serous membranes together are often called the mesotheliom) 3.) VERY IMPORTANT PART WHERE YOU FIND THIS TISSUE IS IN: -the air sacs of your lungs (known as alveoli, little tiny air sacs). The air sacs of your lungs must allow diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide and in order to allow that diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the air sacs need to have a very very thin layer to them. FUNCTION OF THIS TISSUE: -typically this tissue is simple squamous in order to allow diffusion of materials -present at sights of filtration or diffusion -site of secretion in serous membranes IT IS NOT FOUND IN BODY AREAS SUBJECT TO MECHANICAL STRESS (wear and tear)