Chapter 4

___________ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action. a. Bioavailability b. Effective dose c. Therapeutic index d. Drug potency

a. Bioavailability

A drug is ___________ when it changes from solid to liquid after being mixed with a liquid. a. Dissolved b. suspended c. diffused d. Absorbed

a. Dissolved

One way that ____________ is administered involves sprinkling it on marijuana, parsley, tobacco, or other substance that can be smoked. a. PCP b. MDA c. LSD d. Psilocybin

a. PCP

__________ reflects the amount of latitude there is in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached. a. Slope b. Potency c. Effective dose d. Synergism

a. Slope

Two occasions for not taking a drug __________ are when the drug irritates body tissue, or if large volumes of solution must be used. a. Subcutaneously b. intramuscularly c. intravenously d. Orally

a. Subcutaneously

A biphasic drug effect occurs when a drug effect first goes in one direction as drug dose increases, but the effect changes direction as drug dose continues to increase. a. True b. False

a. True

A drug's half-life is the time it takes for a drug's effects to become half as potent. a. True b. False

a. True

Drug potency refers to the largest amount of a drug than can be taken safely. a. True b. False

a. True

Intravenous (IV) drug use is an important risk factor for AIDS among heterosexuals. a. True b. False

a. True

Marijuana is an example of a drug with affinity for fatty tissue which allows it to register in the blood for some time. a. True b. False

a. True

Metabolites of some drugs cause unwanted side effects while those of other drugs cause desired psychoactive effects. a. True b. False

a. True

One advantage of inhaling a drug is that large amounts of the drug can be absorbed in one administration. a. True b. False

a. True

Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. a. True b. False

a. True

Studies have shown that different ethnic groups may show differences in responsiveness to certain prescription drugs. a. True b. False

a. True

The amount of time that marijuana can be detected in the body depends upon whether use is acute or chronic. a. True b. False

a. True

The effects of alcohol and barbiturates are synergistic and combining the two has led to many accidental deaths. a. True b. False

a. True

Therapeutic index is a term referring to a drug's utility in medical care and is computed as a ratio (LD 50/ED 50). a. True b. False

a. True

Valium is an example of a drug that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because it is highly fat soluble. a. True b. False

a. True

When a drug is fat soluble, sniffing is a rapid and effective way to absorb it. a. True b. False

a. True

____________ means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood. a. Zero-order kinetics b. First-order kinetics c. First-pass metabolization d. Bioavailability

a. Zero order kinetics

Which of the following results has not been seen in needle exchange programs? a. an increase in IV drug use b. less needle sharing c. addicts more often clean their syringes in bleach d. all of these have resulted from needle exchange programs

a. an increase in IV drug use

_____ is a term that refers to the diminished effect of a drug when another drug is present. a. Antagonism b. Synergism c. Potentiation d. Rebound

a. antagonism

Drinking large quantities of water would be an example of an attempt to alter the results of a drug test by _________. a. dilution b. adulteration c. substitution d. none of these

a. dilution

Which of the following systems does not receive major portions of a drug rapidly due to a high volume of drug flow? a. muscles b. heart c. brain d. Kidney

a. muscles

Which of the following is a method used to administer barbiturates? a. oral b. rectal c. subcutaneous d. intramuscular

a. oral

__________ is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. a. pharmacokinetics b. pharmacodynamics c. pharmacotherapy d. metabolism

a. pharmacokinetics

When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the __________. a. small intestine b. kidneys c. liver d. large intestine

a. small intestine

How long can alcohol be detected in the system by using a drug test? a. up to one day b. up to one week c. up to one month d. none of the above

a. up to one day

Which of the following conditions lead to more rapid drug absorption? a. when there is more blood flow at the site of absorption b. when the absorbing surface is smaller c. when drugs are taken in suspension, rather than aqueous solution d. all of these

a. when there is more blood flow at the site of absorption

Confirmatory testing of positive drug screens is important because the screening methods that are used are wrong _____ of the time. a. 10 - 20 % b. 25 - 35 % c. 40 - 50 % d. 65 - 75 %

b. 25 - 35 %

61. The transdermal route of drug administration is an effective one for most drugs. a. True b. False

b. False

Amphetamines have an antagonistic effect on those of alcohol, reducing alcohol's impairment of motor skills. a. True b. False

b. False

Drugs administered intranasally should be water-soluble rather than fat-soluble because of the high water content in the nasal cavity. a. True b. False

b. False

Drugs that are more soluble in lipids (fats) are less readily absorbed than other drugs. a. True b. False

b. False

Recent research has indicated that environmental differences do not seem to play a role in the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism. a. True b. False

b. False

The "first-pass effect" refers to drug metabolism in the liver. a. True b. False

b. False

The safest of the three methods of injecting drugs is the intravenous method. a. True b. False

b. False

The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration. a. True b. False

b. False

Freebase is most often ___________. a. sniffed b. Inhaled c. injected d. none of these

b. Inhaled

nce in the bloodstream, orally-administered drugs pass through the __________ before reaching the brain. a. kidneys b. Liver c. pancreas d. pituitary gland

b. Liver

Which of the following is not an advantage of injecting drugs intravenously? a. absorption rate can be controlled by using different solutions b. drugs that irritate tissue can be taken c. effects can be immediate d. doses can be precisely adjusted

b. drugs that irritate tissue can be taken

When, in a series of events, what happens in a later event alters those preceding it, it is known as a _____________ relationship. a. Contingent b. feedback c. causal d. concurrent

b. feedback

The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on __________. a. body size b. how much drug is taken c. psychological set d. the amount of food in the stomac

b. how much drug is taken

Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration? a. it is safe b. it has the quickest rate of absorption c. it is convenient d. it is economical

b. it has the quickest rate of absorption

The __________ is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites. a. Liver b. kidney c. pancreas d. none of these

b. kidney

The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as ____________. a. absorption b. Metabolism c. synthesis d. biotransformation

b. metabolism

____________ is an example of a medication that is administered sublingually. a. lithium b. Nitroglycerin c. insulin d. prozac

b. nitroglycerine

A drug that is administered transdermally _______________. a. is placed under the tongue b. passes through the skin c. is injected into muscle tissue d. is sniffed

b. passes through the skin

he elimination of a drug from the body often is associated with changes that are opposite to those that were caused by the drug. These are sometimes called __________. a. flashbacks b. rebound effects c. delirium tremens d. withdrawal symptoms

b. rebound effects

The __________ route is the easiest of the drug injection routes to use. a. intramuscular b. subcutaneous c. oral d. Intravenous

b. subcutaneous

What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean? a. 60% of nonhuman lab animals die at this particular dose b. 40% of nonhuman lab animals die at this particular dose c. 60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect d. 40% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect

c. 60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect

__________ is a term referring to the minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy. a. Effective dose b. Therapeutic index c. Drug potency d. Placebo

c. Drug potency

51. The therapeutic index is _____. a. a list of the effective doses of medications b. the dosage of a drug needed to produce its intended effect c. a measure of a drug's safety in medical care d. computed as the ration ED 50/ LD 50

c. a measure of a drug's safety in medical care

The therapeutic index is _____. a. a list of the effective doses of medications b. the dosage of a drug needed to produce its intended effect c. a measure of a drug's safety in medical care d. computed as the ration ED 50/ LD 50

c. a measure of a drug's safety in medical care

Which of the following is an example of an inhalant? a. nitroglycerin b. cocaine c. benzene d. snuff

c. benzene

Freebase refers to a form of __________ that is inhaled. a. amphetamine b. LSD c. cocaine d. benzodiazepine

c. cocaine

In research, _________ means to be able to account for variables that may affect the results of a study. a. independence b. blindness c. control d. none of these

c. control

Which of the following is most rapidly absorbed? a. drugs taken in solid form b. drugs taken in suspension c. drugs taken in water solution d. drugs taken in oily solution

c. drugs taken in water solution

A common street term for injecting a drug intravenously is __________. a. freebasing b. going cold turkey c. mainlining d. Tripping

c. mainlining

Which of the following drugs can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use? a. opiates b. benzodiazepines c. marijuana d. Cocaine

c. marijuana

__________ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. a. Pharmacokinetics b. Psychopharmacology c. Pharmacodynamics d. Biochemistry

c. pharmacodynamics

One characteristic of the subcutaneous route of injection is its associated __________ and __________ absorption rate. a. slow, sporadic b. rapid, sporadic c. slow, constant d. rapid, constant

c. slow, constant

The ____________ route of administration is preferable to oral administration for drugs that irritate the stomach and cause vomiting. a. intravenous b. intramuscular c. transdermal (77) d. Sublingual

c. transdermal

How many poppy seed bagels would need to be consumed in order to obtain a positive screen for opiates? a. 2 b. 10 c. 25 d. 100

d. 100

Enzymes in the __________ are important in the metabolization of drugs. a. kidneys b. liver c. gastrointestinal tract d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

Which of the following affect drug distribution? a. blood flow b. fat solubility of the drug c. diffusibility of membranes d. all of these e. blood flow and diffusibility of membranes only

d. all of these

Which of the following drugs is commonly sniffed? a. cocaine b. heroin c. tobacco d. all of these e. cocaine and tobacco only

d. all of these

Which of the following is a common site for intramuscular drug injection? a. buttocks b. deltoid c. thigh d. all of these e. buttocks or deltoid only

d. all of these

In __________, the combined effects of multiple drugs is greater than the sum of the parts. a. summation b. potentiation c. exponentiation d. Antagonism

d. antagonism

A drug's dose is computed according to a person's __________. a. age b. sex c. prior drug experience d. body weight

d. body weight

he presence of food in the stomach __________ absorption and __________ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs. a. speeds up; increases b. speeds up; decreases c. delays; increases d. delays; decreases

d. delays; decreases

In a prototypic dose-effect curve, the vertical axis refers to the __________ and the horizontal axis refers to the __________. a. range of drug doses, effect size b. effect size, number of drugs c. number of drugs, effect size d. effect size, range of drug doses

d. effect size, range of drug doses

A drug that is taken sublingually is __________. a. injected just below the skin surface b. sniffed c. dropped into the eye d. placed under the tongue

d. placed under the tongue

Which of the following is not a way in which drugs are excreted from the body? a. directly in the feces b. in liver bile c. in mother's milk d. through the lungs e. all of these are ways in which drugs are excreted

e. all of these are ways in which drugs are excreted