Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition

Helicobacter pylori

By copying and sequencing bacterial DNA in samples obtained from human stomachs, researchers characterized the bacterial community that makes up the stomach microbiome. In samples from individuals infected with ______________, more than 95% of the sequences were from that species, which belongs to the phylum Proteobacteria and causes stomatch ulcers. The stomach microbiome in uninfected individuals was much more diverse.

omnivores

Carnivores/herbivores/omnivores have 32 teeth as adults. From front to back along either side of the mouth are four bladelike incisors for biting, a pair of pointed canines for tearing, four premolars for grinding, and six molars for crushing.

carnivores

Carnivores/herbivores/omnivores have large, pointed incisors and canines that can be used to kill prey or rip or cut away pieces of flesh. The jagged premolars and molars crush and shred food.

herbivores

Carnivores/herbivores/omnivores have premolars and molars with broad, ridged surfaces that grind tough plant material. The incisors and canines are modified for biting off pieces of vegetation. Canines are absent in some species.

horses, koalas, elephants; hoatzin; rabbits and some rodents

Many vertebrates host large populations of mutualistic bacteria and protists in fermentation chambers in their alimentary canals that digest the cellulose and other carbohydrates into absorbable simple sugars. In __________ mutualistic organims are housed in the large cecum. In ___________, an herbivorous bird found in South America rain forests, hosts microorganisms are located in a crop. In _____________, mutualistic bactiera live in the large intestine and cecum.

false, all hormones are transported through the bloodstream

TOF: Gastrin, a hormone, is not transported through the bloodstream.

false, herbivores and omnivore shave longer alimentary canals relative to their body size than do carnivores

TOF: In general, herbivores and omnivores have shorter alimentary canals relative to their body size than carnivores.

true

TOF: Large, expandable stomachs are common in carnivores.

true

TOF: Some intestinal bacteria produce vitamins, such as vitamin K, folic acid, and biotin; they also regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system.

koala; the relatively short digestive tract of the coyote is sufficient for digesting meat and absorbing its nutrients while the koala's long alimentary canal is specialized for digesting eucalyptus leaves

The coyote/koala has a longer small intestine.

enteric division

Which branch of the nervous system regulates the churning and release of gastric juices and peristalsis in the small and large intestines?

coprophagy

____________, the eating of feces and passing the food through the alimentary canal a second time, is used to recover nutrients produced by mutualistic bacteria in rabbits and rodents.

giant tubeworms

______________ are invertebrates with no mouth or digestive system, and they obtain all of their nutrients and energy from mutualistic bacteria that live within their bodies. The bacteria carry out chemoautotrophy using the carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfide, and nitrate available at the vents.

ruminants

_____________are the cud-chewing animals that include deer, sheep, and cattle.