chapter 42 cardiovascular system
76) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. D) simply dissolved in the plasma. E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.
A
77) Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers.
A
79) In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.
E
14) Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content? A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein B) the veins from the right and left legs C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
a
2) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.
a
20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of A) 5 L/minute. B) 504 mL/minute. C) 0.5 L/minute. D) 50 L/minute. E) 500 L/minute.
a
27) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with A) increased activity of the immune system. B) a broken limb. C) blood sugar that is abnormally high. D) dehydration. E) sodium depletion.
a
42) The plasma proteins in humans A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. B) transport water-soluble lipids. C) carry out gas exchange. D) undergo aerobic metabolism. E) transport oxygen.
a
63) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. C) the contraction of the diaphragm. D) the closure of the epiglottis. E) the expansion of the rib cage.
a
88) If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except A) the pulmonary vein. B) an alveolus. C) the trachea. D) the right atrium. E) the right ventricle.
a
16) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through A) one capillary bed. B) two capillary beds. C) three capillary beds. D) four capillary beds. E) five capillary beds.
b
2) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. D) having to cushion animals from trauma. E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.
b
25) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with A) vasoconstriction. B) vasodilation. C) narrowing of the arteries. D) a reduction in blood flow in that region. E) a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.
b
31) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.
b
38) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is A) platelets. B) platelets and erythrocytes. C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.
b
46) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is A) chymotrypsin. B) fibrin. C) thrombin. D) prothrombin. E) collagen.
b
49) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. B) a decrease in its oxygen content. C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. D) a decrease in the water's density. E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.
b
54) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because A) water is less dense than air. B) water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume. C) gills have less surface area than lungs. D) gills allow only unidirectional transport. E) gills allow water to flow in one direction.
b
55) Countercurrent exchange is evident in A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.
b
6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to A) that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. C) that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. D) that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. E) that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.
b
72) An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes A) hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules. B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules. C) hemoglobin to denature. D) an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin. E) hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.
b
8) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have A) an open circulatory system. B) a closed circulatory system. C) a gastrovascular cavity. D) branched tracheae. E) hemolymph.
b
81) An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the A) animal had evolved from birds. B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.
b
84) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the A) vena cava. B) left atrium. C) right atrium. D) left ventricle. E) right ventricle.
b
10) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the A) amphibians. B) birds. C) fishes. D) mammals. E) reptiles.
c
13) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium E) diastole of the left atrium
c
32) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small
c
36) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is A) lying down after standing up. B) standing up after lying down. C) stressed and secreting stress hormones. D) responding to increased blood pressure. E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.
c
41) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III.immunoglobulin A) I only B) II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III
c
45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.
c
47) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the A) production of erythropoietin. B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin. D) increase in platelets. E) synthesis of hemoglobin.
c
52) The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is A) talking. B) breathing. C) swallowing. D) yawning. E) sleeping.
c
56) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize A) endocytosis. B) blood pressure. C) diffusion. D) active transport. E) osmosis.
c
7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.
c
83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? A) the lungs of a vertebrate B) the gills of a fish C) the tracheal system of an insect D) the skin of an earthworm E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm
c
After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because A) the body needs less oxygen than before. B) the body temperature has increased. C) the stroke volume has increased. D) the cardiac output has decreased. E) the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.
c
17) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
d
20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of A) 5 L/minute. B) 504 mL/minute. C) 0.5 L/minute. D) 50 L/minute. E) 500 L/minute.
d
21) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart A) are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. B) are found only on the right side of the heart. C) are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. D) prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. E) are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.
d
22) The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is A) fully oxygenated blood. B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. C) a lining of endothelial cells. D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. E) white blood cells and platelets.
d
23) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.
d
24) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.
d
33) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. B) an animal with abundant lipid storage. C) a species that has very wide diameter veins. D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. E) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.
d
39) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is A) 24 hours. B) one week. C) one month. D) four months. E) 80 years or more.
d
44) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.
d
5) Circulatory systems in molluscs A) are open in all species of molluscs. B) are closed in all species of molluscs. C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs. D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs. E) are open or closed without regard to body size.
d
60) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. B) the overproduction of surfactants. C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.
d
66) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of A) nitric acid. B) nitrogen. C) oxygen. D) carbon dioxide. E) carbon monoxide.
d
74) Hemoglobin and hemocyanin A) are both found within blood cells. B) are both red in color. C) are both freely dissolved in the plasma. D) both transport oxygen. E) are both found in mammals.
d
8) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of A) 500 mL/minute. B) 1,000 mL/minute. C) 1,750 mL/minute. D) 2,800 mL/minute. E) 4,800 mL/minute.
d
85) Pulse is a direct measure of A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) heart rate. E) breathing rate.
d
87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of heart chambers. B) the type of gas exchange tissues. C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. D) the number of circuits for circulation. E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.
d
9) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) molluscs C) fishes D) frogs E) insects
d
) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is A) the digestive juices. B) the intracellular fluid. C) the blood plasma. D) the cytosol. E) the interstitial fluid.
e
11) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) A) open circulatory system. B) hemocoel. C) lymphatic system. D) two-chambered heart. E) four-chambered heart.
e
12) A portal system is A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.
e
26) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) rabbit C) human D) hippopotamus E) giraffe
e
28) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
e
29) The blood pressure is lowest in the A) aorta. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) venae cavae.
e
3) To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross A) zero membranesoxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. B) one membranethat of the lining in the lungsand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. C) two membranesin and out of the cell lining the lungand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. D) four membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. E) five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin.
e
43) Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned. B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell. C) switch to anaerobic metabolism. D) become unable to carry oxygen. E) be unaffected.
e
53) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the A) trachea. B) larynx. C) bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) alveoli.
e
75) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. C) hemoglobin concentration. D) temperature. E) pH.
e