Chapter 43: Immune System (Study Question)
A) is activated immediately upon infection
1) Innate immunity _____. A) is activated immediately upon infection B) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens D) is found only in vertebrate animals
B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus.
10) You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus. B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus. C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. D) Your friend had allergies.
A) inflammatory response
11) A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring? A) inflammatory response B) lytic response C) adaptive immune response D) autoimmune response
D) innate immunity
12) Acidity in human sweat is an example of _____. A) cell-mediated immune responses B) acquired immunity C) adaptive immunity D) innate immunity
D) activate a group of proteins called complement
15) Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin _____. A) inactivate the erythrocytes B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells C) stimulate release of interferons D) activate a group of proteins called complement
B) physically trapping pathogens
16) Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function? A) sweeping away debris B) physically trapping pathogens C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic D) increasing oxygen absorption
D) recombinase
17) Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)_____. A) RNA polymerase B) reverse transcriptase C) epitopase D) recombinase
D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
18) Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _____. A) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized B) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors C) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
19) A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely _____. A) lack innate immunity B) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells D) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies
C) antimicrobial peptides
2) A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by its _____. A) immunoglobulins B) antibodies C) antimicrobial peptides D) B cells
A) one C region and one V region
21) An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _____. A) one C region and one V region B) one H region and one L region C) three H regions and one L region D) two C regions and two V regions
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
22) Immunological memory accounts for _____. A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
A) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
24) Vaccination increases the number of _____. A) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen B) epitopes that the immune system can recognize C) macrophages specific for a pathogen D) major histocompatability (MHC) molecules that can present an antigen
A) memory
25) If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response? A) memory B) lysozymes C) cytokines D) defense against bacteria
C) only II and III
26) Lymphocytes mature in the _____. I) spleen II) thymus III) bone marrow A) only I and III B) only I and II C) only II and III D) I, II, and III
A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.
28) What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. C) It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.
D) I, II, and III
3) Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include _____. I) neutrophils II) macrophages III) dendritic cells IV) natural killer cells A) I and III B) II and IV C) I and IV D) I, II, and III
C) memory cell
30) A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over twenty years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell? A) plasma cell B) thyroid cell C) memory cell D) macrophage
C) only I, II, and III
31) Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct? I) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. II) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. III) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. IV) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV
B) B-cell receptors and antibodies
32) Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure? A) B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors B) B-cell receptors and antibodies C) T-cell receptors and antibodies D) antibodies and antigens
C) passive immunity
33) What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding? A) innate immunity B) active immunity C) passive immunity D) cell-mediated immunity
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
34) Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface C) complement is secreted→B cell contacts antigen→helper T cell activated→cytokines released D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis
D) III → IV → II → I → V
35) Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen. I) Pathogen is destroyed. II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III) Antigenic epitopes from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic epitopes from pathogen become numerous. V) Only memory cells remain. A) I → III → II → IV → V B) II → I → IV → III → V C) IV → II → III → I → V D) III → IV → II → I → V
C) mast cells and histamines
4) The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _____. A) phagocytes and chemokines B) dendritic cells and interferons C) mast cells and histamines D) lymphocytes and interferons
C) placental transfer of antibodies
42) Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the _____. A) injection of vaccine B) ingestion of interferon C) placental transfer of antibodies D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes
C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
43) Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to the fact that _____. A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses D) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus NOTE: We didn't talk about this specifically, but I think I could reword this question to make it work for the exam anyway.
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same
45) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that _____. A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same B) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified C) the pathogen has only one epitope D) the major histocompatability (MHC) molecules are heterozygous
A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her major histocompatability (MHC) proteins may not be a match
48) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because _____. A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her major histocompatability (MHC) proteins may not be a match B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change C) for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles D) Jane's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow
A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
5) Inflammatory responses typically include _____. A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area B) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma C) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area D) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
54) Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because _____. A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases B) the flu can generate anaphylactic shock C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen
55) A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from _____. A) an autoimmune disease B) a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host
56) The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by _____. A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not infected by HIV D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives
C) antihistamines
57) A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with _____. A) a vaccine B) sterile pollen C) antihistamines D) monoclonal antibodies
B) only I, II, and IV
58) Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response? I) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins II) building the viral shell from host proteins III) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses IV) infecting and killing helper T cells A) only I and III B) only I, II, and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV
C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self
59) Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease? A) a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen
B) double-stranded RNA
6) Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in or on certain groups of pathogens, such as viral _____. A) double-stranded DNA B) double-stranded RNA C) glycoproteins D) phospholipids
D) cytotoxic T cells
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. 50) Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves memory _____. A) helper T cells B) natural killer cells C) plasma cells D) cytotoxic T cells
C) class I MHC molecules
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. 23) The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with _____. A) a complement B) antibodies C) class I MHC molecules D) class II MHC molecules