Chapter 5

Dream consciousness is NOT characterized by: feeling intense emotion. uncritical acceptance. illogical thought. a lack of visual sensation.

a lack of visual sensation.

what age do infants realize there is a dot on their face

18 months

_______ refers to a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind. Consciousness Unconsciousness Preconsciousness Precognition

Consciousness

Which method is used to monitor and record eye movements during sleep? naturalistic observation fMRI EEG EOG

EOG

_____ is a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness. Subliminal perception Dynamic unconscious Repression Cognition

Repression

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

Sleep apnea

occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep.

Somnambulism

Which statement is true about sleep needs across the lifespan? With increased age, we need more sleep. With increased age, we need less sleep. Age has no effect on the amount of sleep we need. The amount of sleep we need changes frequently.

With increased age, we need less sleep.

Activities in the brain occur _____ the correlated activities of the conscious mind. before after at the same time as both before and after

before

property: the quality of being directed toward an object

intentionality

Each person experiences things differently, and psychology strives to include this _____ experience in understanding the human mind. epistemological illogical self-conscious phenomenological

phenomenological

how things seem to the conscious person,

phenomenology

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

problems of other minds

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression,

rebound effect of thought suppression,

You wake up your roommate 45 minutes after he falls asleep. From what stage are you MOST likely waking him? stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4

stage 4

Property: the tendency to change.

transience

property: which is resistance to division, or the ability to integrate information from all of the body's senses into one coherent whole.

unity

On average, humans cycle between REM sleep and slow-wave sleep every: 30 minutes. 60 minutes. 90 minutes. 3 hours.

90 minutes.

Which statement about sleeping pills is true? Although effective in the short-term, they are ineffective in the long-term. Although ineffective in the short-term, they are effective in the long-term. They are effective treatments for short- and long-term use. They are ineffective for either short- or long-term use.

Although effective in the short-term, they are ineffective in the long-term.

_____ refers to a simple response to sensory information. Full consciousness Minimal consciousness Self-consciousness Dynamic consciousness

Minimal consciousness

Which statement about self-consciousness and mirrors is true? People avoid mirrors after doing something they are ashamed of. People are less helpful after seeing themselves in a mirror. People are more aggressive after seeing themselves in a mirror. People are less cooperative after seeing themselves in a mirror.

People avoid mirrors after doing something they are ashamed of.

Sandra always remembers her dreams, while Pat hardly ever remembers his. Sandra is probably awakening during or soon after what stage of sleep? stage 1 stage 3 REM stage 4

REM

A person deprived of _____ often exhibits memory problems and increased aggression. slow wave sleep stage 4 sleep REM sleep hypnopompic sleep

REM sleep

Researchers put an odorless red dye above the eyebrow of a sleeping chimpanzee and then watched as the chimp woke up and looked in a mirror. What happened? The chimpanzee did not even recognize the dye when looking in a mirror, demonstrating that it did not have adequate color vision skills. The chimpanzee interpreted the dye as blood when it looked in a mirror and behaved as if it had been seriously injured. The chimpanzee reached toward its own eye when it looked in the mirror, demonstrating recognition of the image as a reflection of itself. The chimpanzee was infuriated when it saw the spot in a mirror and attacked the mirror believing it to be an attacking "other" chimpanzee.

The chimpanzee reached toward its own eye when it looked in the mirror, demonstrating recognition of the image as a reflection of itself.

For someone to be an altered state of consciousness, what must be true? The person reaches it by taking drugs. The person believes he or she can fly. The person's state of mind is significantly different from normal experience. The person achieves it by meditating.

The person's state of mind is significantly different from normal experience.

What happens to stages 3 and 4 sleep as the night progresses? They become more frequent. They become less frequent. They remain consistent in frequency. They last longer.

They become less frequent.

When flying across time zones, you may experience a sense of jetlag because your body's own natural clock may get out of "sync" with the clock at your destination. For example, even though your body may feel that it is 10 p.m., the clock may indicate that it is only 7 p.m. Your _____ has been affected by your travel. hypnopompic state light cycle hypnotic state circadian rhythm

circadian rhythm

The human body naturally tends to follow a cycle of sleeping and waking that corresponds to a: circadian rhythm of a 24-hour cycle. simple on/off cycle. circadian rhythm of a 12-hour cycle. complex off/on cycle.

circadian rhythm of a 24-hour cycle.

Advertising companies that tried to influence consumers' shopping habits by incorporating subliminal messages into commercials appealed to what type of unconscious? Freudian cognitive collective associative

cognitive

includes all the mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person.

cognitive unconscious

According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, a child who can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties is in what stage of cognitive development? formal operational preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational

concrete operational

Amnesia patients with hippocampal damage can still form procedural memories, suggesting that: explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems. explicit and implicit memories are part of the same system. procedural and implicit memories are distinct systems. episodic and implicit memories are part of the same system.

explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems.

What mental state involves being aware of your own mental state? self-consciousness minimal consciousness metaconsciousness full consciousness

full consciousness

Reporting to your friend that you have been sitting on the floor for too long and need to stretch your legs would require: self-consciousness. minimal consciousness. full consciousness. dynamic consciousness.

full consciousness.

Sleep is characterized by all kinds of electrical brain activity EXCEPT for: theta waves. sleep spindles. K complexes. gamma waves.

gamma waves.

what is the length of the REM sleep?

gets longer as the other cycles get short, (same frequency as an awake sleep on an EEG)

To explore what is most salient in the content of the consciousness of college students, researchers collected information about such concerns. What did Goetzman and colleagues (1994) find to be the MOST common category of concern for these students? friends family education health

health

Tamara believes that dreams contain deep meaning that has to be interpreted to be truly understood. Her view is _____ with the activation-synthesis model and _____ with the Freudian theory of dreams. consistent; consistent consistent; inconsistent inconsistent; consistent inconsistent; inconsistent

inconsistent; consistent

After Ginger fell on stage during her dance recital she actively tried not to think about it. According to the rebound effect of thought suppression, this would _____ the chances that the thought of herself falling on stage will return to Ginger's consciousness. decrease increase hold constant not affect

increase

Carlos tells you that he is always thinking about something; his mind is never blank. In other words, his thoughts are continually being directed "toward" a particular object. His statement reflects which property of consciousness? unity selectivity intentionality transience

intentionality

Consciousness can be described as consisting of four basic properties, which are: unity, selectivity, syllogism, and transience. intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience. selectivity, transience, syllogism, and dreams. intentionality, unity, selectivity, and dreams.

intentionality, unity, selectivity, and dreams.

Waking up during surgery: has no adverse effects. is supposed to happen. would not be problematic. is traumatic and may cause problems.

is traumatic and may cause problems.

According to Freud, dreams have two types of content: _____ and _____. sexual; scary latent; manifest latent; oral manifest; maternal

latent; manifest

dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning, a dream's true underlying meaning.

manifest content latent content

Having a dream that you won the lottery has the _____ content of winning a fortune, but may have different _____ content. latent; Freudian latent; manifest manifest; latent manifest; unconscious

manifest; latent

René Descartes thought he had found the solution to the ________ problem in the pineal gland. "other mind" consciousness mind-body Freudian

mind-body Freudian

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

mind-body problem

Throughout adolescence, people spend _____ time with opposite-sex peers and _____ time spent with same-sex peers. more; more less; more more; less more; the same

more; the same

Which sleep disorder involves an uncontrollable attack of sleep during apparent wakefulness? narcolepsy night terrors insomnia sleep apnea

narcolepsy

disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.

narcolepsy

Jonathon is a 6-year old boy who has been having difficulty sleeping for three consecutive nights. His mother took him to the doctor and reported that he has been waking up in the middle of the night with feelings of panic and intense emotional arousal. From which sleep disorder is Jonathon most likely suffering? somnambulism sleep paralysis night terrors sleep apnea

night terrors

are abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.

night terrors

According to Freud, repression is a way for the unconscious to: actively engage and perform conscious desires. remove unacceptable thoughts and desires from conscious thought. allow people to say unconscious desires and impulses without feeling ashamed. create new memories based on previous experiences.

remove unacceptable thoughts and desires from conscious thought.

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious.

repression

Bartlett is in a room with his mother, and when she leaves the room he is not distressed at all. When she returns, he acknowledges her by looking at her and saying, "Hi Mommy!" According to the work of Mary Ainsworth, Bartlett has a(n) _______ attachment style. ambivalent avoidant secure disorganized

secure

The cocktail-party phenomenon illustrates which property of consciousness? unity transience intentionality selectivity

selectivity

property: the capacity to include some objects but not others.

selectivity

What mental state is described in the textbook as being "a distinct level of consciousness in which [a] person's attention is drawn to the self as an object"? self-consciousness minimal consciousness metaconsciousness full consciousness

self-consciousness

A common sleep disorder where the person sleeping stops breathing for a brief period is: insomnia. sleep apnea. somnambulism. sleep paralysis.

sleep apnea.

Research on the effects of sleep deprivation on learning has shown that: all-night study sessions are effective. sleep deprivation enhances learning. sleep deprivation inhibits learning. sleep deprivation has no effect on learning.

sleep deprivation inhibits learning.

is the experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy

sleep paralysis

when thought or behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving.

subliminal perception

Marie is participating in a dichotic listening study and is asked to ignore any information that is presented to her right ear. She finds that she has no problems in being able to follow the instruction except for when she thinks she hears her name in her right ear. Marie is experiencing: the cocktail-party phenomenon. sublimation. minimal consciousness. the power of subliminal perception.

the cocktail-party phenomenon.

When people work on a task that is familiar enough to them that they can daydream at the same time, an area of the brain called ________ becomes activated. the default network the basal ganglia the corpus callosum the ascending pyramidal tract

the default network

The ______ of the brain is/are more active during semantic encoding. inner left temporal lobe lower left frontal lobe the inner left temporal lobe and the lower left frontal lobe occipital lobe

the inner left temporal lobe and the lower left frontal lobe

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others is called: the problem of consciousness. the problem of other minds. the mind-body illusion. dualism.

the problem of other minds.

During surgery, _____ is monitored to measure consciousness. muscle movement blood chemistry brain activity sweat level

brain activity

This theory proposes that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep.

activation-synthesis model

A few hours of sleep deprivation each night will NOT lead to: an increase in irritation and depression. a reduction in mental acuity and reaction time. an increased the risk of accidents and injury. an enhanced risk of cardiac problems or strokes.

an enhanced risk of cardiac problems or strokes.

Sheila believes that dreams don't contain deep meaning, but are instead random patterns of brain activity that we interpret after awakening. Her view is _____ with the activation-synthesis model and _____ with the Freudian theory of dreams. consistent; consistent consistent; inconsistent inconsistent; consistent inconsistent; inconsistent

consistent; inconsistent

in which people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear.

dichotic listening

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories

dynamic unconscious

According to Freud, repression acts to keep thoughts in our: cognitive unconscious. transient conscious. dynamic unconscious. subliminal unconscious.

dynamic unconscious.

During the _____ stage of prenatal development, the zygote continues to divide, and its cells begin to differentiate. embryonic germinal fetal zygote

embryonicf

People tend to judge the minds of others based on their capacities for: schemas and prototypes. experience and agency. unconscious desires. experience and age.

experience and agency.

What are the patterns of sleep from Stage 1 to REM sleep, as measured by EEG patterns? beta waves; alpha waves; theta waves; delta waves fast, random waves; delta waves; K complexes; beta waves theta waves; K complexes; delta waves; fast, random waves beta waves; fast, random waves; theta waves; alpha waves

theta waves; K complexes; delta waves; fast, random waves

the conscious avoidance of a thought.

though suppression

Someone with anxiety who constantly worries probably has difficulties with: confirmation bias. dynamic consciousness. illusory correlation. thought suppression.

thought suppression.

William James's description of consciousness as a stream illustrates the property of: unity. transience. selectivity. intentionality.

transience.

When we _____ information our left frontal lobe shows increased activity, and when we _____ information our hippocampal region shows increased activity. try to retrieve; successfully retrieve successfully retrieve; try to retrieve try to encode; successfully encode successfully encode; try to encode

try to retrieve; successfully retrieve

When you look at the portrait of your family that hangs on the wall in your house, you tend to see an entire family—multiple members that form one consolidated group—rather than individual family members. This is true unless you intentionally direct your focus to individual people in the photograph. This tendency to see things as a whole rather than individual components demonstrates the consciousness principle of: unity transience intentionality selectivity

unity

Which functional brain area is activated during REM sleep? visual perception areas visual association areas frontal cortex hypothalamus

visual association areas

The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are: the results of reliving the day's activities and worries. how the mind deals with unacceptable wishes and desires. the manifestations of suppressed thoughts. what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity.

what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity.

What is the most efficient way to measure brain activity during sleep? with naturalistic observation with an fMRI with an EEG with an EOG

with an EEG

According to research conducted by Gray and colleagues (2007), who was rated by respondents as being highest on both axes of capacity for experience and capacity for agency? men women infants the elderly

women