Chapter 5 Antibody Structure and Function

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What did Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein discover?

a technnique to produce antibody arising for a single B cell by fusing it with a myeloma cell

What is the difference between the two chains Kappa and Alpha?

amino acid sequence

What serves as the antigen recognition unit of the immunoglobulin

aminoterminal end of the L and H chain

What is a hypervariable region?

antigen captured by small number of amino acids at specific locations

Describe the L chain?

between 200 and 220 amino acids. kappa or lambda

What is the function of IgE?

binds to Mast cells and allergic reactions and triggering acute inflammatory response

What does pepsin do?

cleaves IgG

What are the 4 main functions of IgM

complement, agglutination, opsonization, toxin neutralization

What is Fab

consist of one L chain and one half H chain for antigen binding capacity

What region of the H chain gives the immunoglobulin its name?

constant region

The variable region is held together by what?

disulfide bonds

Which WBC plays a role similar to IgE

eosinophils

What kind of spaces can cross the placenta?

extravascular spaces because of high diffusion coefficient

What does FAB stand for?

fragment antigen binding

What does Fc mean?

fragment crystallizable

What is the function of the Fc fragment

functions in opsonization and complement fixation

what is the hinge region?

high content of proline content that allows the antigen binding sites to bind

What happens when two adjacent IgE molecules bind to an antigen?

histamine and heparine are released inducing a type I immediate hypersensitive reaction

What are the 5 major functions of IgG

immunity for the newborn, fixing complement, opsonization, neutralizes toxins, agglutination and precipitation

What is a gamma globulin?

immunoglobulin

what is the carbohydrate portion?

immunoglobulin area that aids in increasing solubility, providing protection against degradation, and enhancing functional activity

what is an antibody?

immunoglobulin or glycoprotein found in the serum portion in the serum

When was IgD discovered?

in 1965 when a patient was diagnosed with multiple myeloma

What is an effector function?

initiation of the complement cascade

What are the 2 types Bence-Jonce proteins?

kappa and lambda

Where are the plasma cells in IgE primary located?

lungs and skin

What does the presence of IgM membrane indicate?

lymphoctes as mature B cells

What is the function of IgA?

maintains the health of newborns in breastmilk, mucous

Which WBC's have receptor for IgA?

neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages

What is papain?

proteolytic enzyme used to cleave IgG. Two fab and 1 fc

Where is the IgA antibody found?

respiratory, intestinal mucosa, milk, sweat, and tears

What controls the synthesis of a particular immunoglobulin?

several genes via a random selection process

Which end of the aintibody is the variable region?

the terminal end

What is the side-chain theory?

theory postulated my Paul Erlich that certain cells have specific receptors for antigen that were present before contact with antigen occured

What is an isotype?

unique amino acid sequence common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class

What is an idiotype?

variable portions of each chain unique to specific antibody molecule

Can IgA act as an opsonin?

yes

Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin

2 Heavy H (Fc) and 2 Light chain L (Fab). Each chain has a variable and constant region

monoclonal antibody

B cells preprogrammed to synthesize specific antibodies that are used for diagnostic testing

pepsin

Breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments. Cleaves IgG

What did dryer and bennett propose as a solution to the clonal selection theory?

Constant and variable portions of immunoglobulin chains are actually coded for by separate genes

What is clonal selection?

Idea that individual lymphocyes are genetically programmed to produce one type of immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects particular cells capable of responding to it

Which is the second immunoglobulin to appear?

IgD

What is the least abundant immunoglobulin?

IgE

Which antibody is best at precipitation reactions?

IgG

Which antibody is known as the secondary response antibody?

IgG

What is the most common Immunoglobulin in total serum and half life?

IgG and a month

Which antibody is best at agglutination reactions?

IgM

Which antibody is best at triggering the classical pathway?

IgM

Which antibody is known as the macroglobulin?

IgM

Which antibody is known as the primary response antibody?

IgM

Which antibody is the potent defense against bacterial infections?

IgM

How is IgM similar to IgA?

IgM has a J chain and can occasionally acquire a secretory component allowing it to traverse epithelial cells and patrol mucous membranes

Where do antigens bind to an antibody

In the FAB variable region of the heavy and light chain

What are Bence Jones proteins?

L chain Proteins secreted in urine in Multiple Myeloma patients


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