CHAPTER 5: ATTITUDES: EVALUATING AND RESPONDING TO THE SOCIAL WORLD {testbank}

89) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________

B) coming up with justifications in support of the behavior

58) The source of a message influences its effectiveness. To increase the effectiveness of a message, the communicator should be attractive and ________=

B) credible

1) ________ conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to cause the same behavior as another stimulus

Classical

73) One reason that distractions may increase the persuasiveness of a message is because distractions ________

D) prevent systematic processing of the message content

76) ________ is our negative reaction to perceived threats to our personal freedom

D) Reactance

16) Subliminal conditioning is ________

E) classical conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used

2) Once an attitude has been formed, it may be ________

E) difficult or easy to change, depending

38) An attitude is more likely to influence a person's behavior if ________

E) the object of the attitude has important consequences for the individual

39) Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job

He may feel more correct in his attitude if ________= C) he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude

12) One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus

This type of learning is known as ________= D) classical conditioning

3) When direct rewards are not present, nor any social approval or other motivations, we may develop attitudes by merely viewing others' behaviors, a process called ________

observational learning

4) We may believe that others' attitudes are different from our own-a situation known as ________

pluralistic ignorance

27) Joe, a middle manager at a small company, strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job. Regarding various political statements by them, it is safe to say that Joe ________

recently agreed with them on a political matter expects to agree with them on a political matter

2) People can be conditioned to respond to a stimulus they are not aware of This is called ________ conditioning=

subliminal

5) Attitudes influence ________

A) social thought and behavior

3) Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli; this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) ________ stage of social thought

= A) before; early

7) An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group, is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude

= B) implicit

86) People ________ techniques they use in order to resist attempts to persuade them

A) are aware of the

69) According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________

A) capacity to process information and level of motivation

67) The central route to persuasion involves ________

A) careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message

80) People can become more resistant to attitudinal changes if they are first presented with opposing views and ________

A) counterarguments to the opposing views

56) Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ________.

A) credible

14) Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________

A) dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral

79) Being forewarned of the persuasive intent of a message will frequently help people to resist the effects of the message. This is because ________

A) forewarning allows us a greater opportunity to create counterarguments

66) In a study, people who were at risk for serious illness, but did not see themselves as such (compared to those who accurately saw themselves as at risk) were persuaded to be tested because the persuasive message was framed in terms of ________

A) gains to be had rather than losses to be suffered

18) By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ________ to shape their childrens' attitudes

A) instrumental conditioning

92) In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic cognitive dissonance experiment, dissonance arises because the participant, having completed the behavior s/he's been induced to perform, feels he has ________ the behavior in the ________ condition, compared to the ________ condition

A) insufficient justification to warrant ; $ 1= 00; $ 20= 00

21) According to the process of instrumental conditioning, behavior will be displayed often by an individual if ________

A) it is reinforced

60) Messages that provide a preliminary announcement that the message is intended to change our opinion are ________

B) less effective than those that do not forewarn us of this attempt

85) Tina, who favors the death penalty, hears two different, though persuasive, messages: one favoring the death penalty and one against it. Tina will likely report ________ oppositional (than supportive) thoughts about the counterattitudinal message (the message arguing against her attitude), and ________ supportive (than oppositional) thoughts about the proattitudinal message (the message in line with her attitude)= Because of this experience, she will be ________ able to resist counterattitudinal persuasion in the future on this topic

A) more; more; better

48) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________

A) our attitudes toward a particular behavior

36) Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex, and was avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to ________.

A) pluralistic ignorance

82) The fact that we tend to pay particular attention to information that supports our attitudes and to direct our attention away from information that is contrary to our attitudes is known as ________

A) selective exposure

72) Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic= Jason is most likely to be persuaded by ________

A) strong, convincing arguments

75) In the study involving the effects of caffeine and distraction on the effectiveness of persuasive messages, researchers found that ________ relevant to the arguments about the attitude object ________ in the ________ condition because ________

A) the number of thoughts; increased; caffeine; attentional focus was higher on the arguments

42) Attitudes formed on the basis of direct personal experience with the object are generally ________

B) more likely to have a strong effect on behavior

24) If we form an attitude by watching television, this is called ________ learning

B) observational

10) Goal orientation, a stable personal trait, can play a role in determining what sorts of persuasive messages will more effectively give rise to the desired behavior?

B) prevention- or promotion-focused

32) Overall, the relationship between attitudes and behavior is ________

B) reliable, with some exceptions

87) People have a limited capacity to engage their will power in the controlling of their own thinking. This is called ________

B) self-regulation

68) The heuristic-systematic model of persuasion suggests that ________

B) we engage in less effortful processing when we lack ability or capacity for more careful processing

46) Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight

Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?= A) Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet

31) People tend to prefer situations that allow them to ________

C) maintain a match between their attitudes and behavior

30) Attitudes may be relatively stable or variable. A likely source of a change in the expression of an attitude is ________=

C) the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed

45) The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is ________, according to the theory of planned behavior

C) to consider various behavioral options

53) Efforts to change our attitudes by using different kinds of messages is (are) known as ________

D) persuasion

4) Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________

D) a reaction of liking or disliking

78) Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans, and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments= She may be experiencing ________

D) reactance

64) Messages that arouse moderate levels of fear are effective at changing behavior if ________

D) they include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear

28) In an experiment, males and females were shown a snack labeled "men's favorite" or "women's favorite. " The snack labeled as preferred by their own gender was liked better by high-gender-identified participants more so than by participants who were low-gender-identified= This showed that ________.

D) unlike high-gender-identified people, low-gender-identified people will likely exhibit little preference for snacks that are labeled as preferred by their gender

91) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________

D) using self-affirmation, whereby we restore positive self-evaluations by focusing our attention on positive self-attributes

62) In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change?

D) when the message's health concern is very serious or fatal

43) The strongest attitudes for an individual are usually acquired through ________

E) direct experience

41) Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because ________

E) he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

19) Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends, but advocates for amnesty to another group. This is possible for her because ________

E) members of the two groups never talk to each other

47) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are partially determined by our attitudes toward a particular behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________

E) our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior

81) Selective avoidance is ________

E) our tendency to direct our attention away from information that challenges our attitudes

52) Jacque is driving, thinking about ways to get in shape. Someone cuts him off in traffic, so he gets angry and calls the driver a name= He later goes to the gym to start an exercise program= Research by ________ is more likely to explain his angry behavior, while ________'s research better explains Jacque's behavior toward the exercise program

B) Fazio; Fishbein and Ajzen

29) Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?

B) Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film

59) To increase the effectiveness of a message, the communicator (source) should be credible and ________

B) attractive

57) A CEO of a mid-western company gave a press briefing, and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed to reduce carbon emissions and water pollution. His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that ________.

B) he is CEO of a chemical company

17) A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________

B) instrumental conditioning

71) When heuristic processing is involved, the degree of persuasion ________

B) is not increased by strong arguments in the message

84) Counterarguments against a persuasive message are most likely to ________

C) decrease the effectiveness of the message

70) A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because ________.

C) distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech

35) When we mistakenly believe that others' attitudes are different from our own, we are exhibiting ________

C) pluralistic ignorance

44) Fishbein and Azjen's theory of planned behavior suggests that the choice of whether or not to engage in a specific behavior is determined ________

C) rationally

94) Which of the following is a condition that makes the less-leads-to-more effect likely to occur?

D) People feel personally responsible for the chosen course of action

40) Research suggests that the certainty of an attitude derives from ________

D) a combination of clarity and perceptions of correctness

6) If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________

D) attitude

22) Female participants were asked to think about either their friends or their older relatives. Later, when exposed to sexual stimuli in a "separate study," participants who had thought about their friends reacted ________ to the stimuli than participants who thought about their older relatives. This illustrates that ________ can influence one's attitude

D) more positively; thinking about a potential audience for the expression of an attitude

33) In La Piere's classic study, a young Chinese couple traveled across the USA and reported being treated courteously at virtually every restaurant and hotel. A follow-up survey asking for attitudes toward Chinese travelers found that ________.

D) most restaurant and hotel managers responded that they would refuse service to Chinese travelers

15) Subliminal conditioning ________

D) occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content

1) Attitudes are ________

D) our evaluations of different aspects of the social world

61) Messages that arouse strong levels of fear are ________

D) ineffective at changing behavior

93) Arlene was always averse to physical contact with pigs, because she thought pigs were essentially dirty animals. Despite her concerns, she was induced to kiss a clean-looking pig on the snout for $ 2= 00 while appearing on a television game show= As a result, Arlene has become a staunch advocate of pigs, and soon plans to have one as a pet= The most probable explanation for this change in attitude is ________

C) the less-leads-to-more effect

88) Cognitive dissonance is ________

C) the negative internal state that results from noticing differences between our attitudes and our behaviors

13) The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________

D) classical conditioning

63) An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs, people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease, and funerals, but does not include information about quitting smoking, is likely to be ineffective because ________

A) it will probably induce too much fear

50) Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude and ________, which both influence our behavior

A) knowledge of social norms

25) We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________

A) members of our reference group(s)

90) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________=

A) trivializing the inconsistency by concluding that the attitude or the behavior is not important, so the inconsistency is also unimportant

37) Whistle-blowers generally "blow the whistle" on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes?

B) Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience

55) A message intended to reduce cheating among high school students is more likely to be effective if it is delivered by ________

B) an attractive and popular student

20) Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views

B) badmouth other fraternities; unlikely

8) Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up" Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent, " and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations

C) quicker

83) Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of ________.

C) selective avoidance

65) An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males. Advertising executives are considering three different commercials. The first features film of actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease. The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options. The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave. Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior?

B) the second, focusing on specific information that will reduce fear

23) The mechanism by which we compare ourselves to other people to determine whether or not our perception of social reality is correct is known as ________

C) social comparison

11) Classical condition and instrumental conditioning are examples of ________ processes of attitude formation

C) social learning

54) The earliest research involving persuasion, by Hovland and others, focused on what three key elements?

C) source; message; audience

96) Small rewards produce greater attitude change than do large rewards when people believe they are personally responsible for the action and ________

C) that they are responsible for any negative effects the action produced

26) Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________

C) the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself

9) If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because ________

D) although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes

34) LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the ________

D) difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes

77) Emma is trying to convince her professor that he gave her an unfair grade. She continues to pester him for several days, as her arguments become ever more extreme. Ultimately, the professor tells Emma, "I will not change your grade; moreover, you should be thankful for the grade you received!" Emma's professor likely resisted changing her grade because ________=

D) he felt strongly that he was being pushed to do something he didn't want to do, rather than being asked

74) Experimenters gave people strong arguments to persuade them away from a belief. Some were given coffee, others a placebo= Some were given a high distraction, others a low one= In terms of attitude change, results showed that ________=

D) low distraction produced a higher effect in the coffee compared to placebo condition

95) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________

D) modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other

49) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our attitudes toward a particular behavior, and ________

D) our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior

51) Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude, which influences our ________

D) perceptions of the attitude object