chapter 5 biopsy

In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one

4

Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain?

MEG

Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography?

MRI

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?

MRI

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings?

Picture Arrangement

Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed?

TMS

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the

WAIS.

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

The level of 130/70 mmHg is

a healthy human blood pressure.

Electrooculography is

a method of estimating eye movement.

Penile erection is

a plethysmographic response.

Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers?

a psychophysiologist

The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that

a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal.

If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin's conductance of electricity. This response is called

a skin conductance response.

Melanopsin knockout mice have difficulty

adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle.

Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can

all of the above

Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires

all of the above

Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing

all of the above

Which of the following WAIS subtests is part of the Performance Scale?

all of the above

Which of the following is a record of a person's heart beat?

all of the above

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

all of the above

An electroencephalograph is

an EGG machine

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is

an antibody

Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique?

angiography

Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as

antibody is to messenger RNA.

The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential

are far-field potentials. AND originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. (B&C)

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid

are neurotoxins. AND destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons (A&B)

Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with damage to major blood vessels?

aspiration lesions

Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by

aspiration.

The final stage of the 2-deoxyglucose technique involves

autoradiography.

The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a

battery of tests.

Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable

bilateral lesions.

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is

bregma.

In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right

carotid arteries.

Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of __________ between human cortical activity and cognition.

causal relations

Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients?

cerebral angiography

A method of measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active laboratory animals is

cerebral dialysis

MEG records

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp.

Hypertension is

chronic high blood pressure.

Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient's reaction to

cold water flushed in the ear

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that

complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes. AND each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain. (A&B)

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it.

Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often

damage neural structures other than the amygdala. AND do not destroy the entire amygdala. (A&B)

Muscle tension is monitored by

electromyography.

Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring

eye movement.

Which technique records the BOLD signal?

fMRI

The short-latency low-amplitude signals (indicated by the arrow) in this average auditory evoked potential are termed

far-field potentials.

Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in

freely moving animals

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?

functional MRI

Transgenic mice always possess

genes of another species.

The __________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced by a radio-frequency lesion.

heat

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine

horizontal sections

The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to

identify brain-damaged patients.

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

immunocytochemistry

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain?

immunocytochemistry AND in situ hybridization. (A&C)

)Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of any conscious awareness of the memories are called

implicit memories.

Repetition priming tests are tests of

implicit memory.

The reason why radioactive 2-DG is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that 2-DG

is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity. AND is not metabolized by neurons.

The P300

is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer.

The brainbow technique

is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique. AND is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced. (A&B)

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because

it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain.

Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because

it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject.

The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of

language lateralization.

Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a

local anesthetic such as lidocaine

The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that

many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings.

Cerebral dialysis is a method of

measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in

The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys

neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine

The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that

neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems.

Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive

none of the abovE

Extracellular unit recording provides information about

none of the above

In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the patient completely mute for

none of the above

Knockout mice are mice that

none of the above

On the digit-span test, most people score about

none of the above

Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are

not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus.

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

oxygenated blood flow.

Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt

phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively.

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

positron emission tomography.

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done,

produce no permanent neural damage.

A behavioral paradigm normally includes a method for

producing the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. AND measuring the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. (A&B)

Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it

provides an image of brain function.

Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of

random signals.

Dyslexia is a difficulty in

reading.

Multiple-unit signals are typically

recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes. AND integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation (B&C)

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with

relaxed wakefulness

IP, SC, and IM are all

routes of drug administration.

The digit-span test is a common test of

short-term memory.

Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the

single-test approach.

Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure?

sphygmomanometers

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through

stainless steel skull screws.

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is

stereotaxic surgery.

Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR?

sweat glands

A method of identifying all of the brain areas of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioral test is

the 2-deoxyglucose technique.

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of

the membrane potential.

Bregma is

the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. AND a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. (A & B)

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

the scalp

In the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization, on each trial

three pairs of digits are presented.

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula.

Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors?

token test

Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called

unilateral lesions.

Green fluorescent protein

was first isolated from a species of jelly fish. AND fluoresces when exposed to blue light. (A&B)