Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Which of the following processed foods or beverages are high in added sugars?

-soda -cakes -ice cream

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

T/F: Type 1 diabetes only begin during childhood

false

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone

glucagon

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

T/F: For weight management, use honey rather than table sugar (sucrose) to sweeten foods

false

T/F: Individuals with type 1 diabetes may or may not require insulin

false

Which of the following is true about sugar and hyperactivity?

Research does not indicate that sugar increases a child's risk for hyperactivity (ADHD)

The monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures is

glucose

What is the primary source of fuel for the body cells?

glucose

also known as dextrose or blood sugar

glucose

Acesulfame-K _______ approved for use as a non-nutritive sweetener by the FDA

has been

When an individual's blood sugar level becomes abnormally elevated, they are diagnosed as having ______.

hyperglycemia

Food labels for high-fiber food products may voluntarily indicate which of the following?

insoluble fiber

In order to manage their blood glucose levels, Type 1 diabetes patients always require

insulin

Low-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called

ketoacidosis

What disaccharide can be found in certain animal products?

lactose

What is another name for fructose?

levulose

Where is glucose stored in the body?

liver

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?

maltose

The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is

pancreatic amylase

Both starch and glycogen contain hundred of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of

polysaccharides

Both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of

polysaccharides

Low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refined carbs is called

reactive hypoglycemia

Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States?

-aspartame -neotame -acesulfame-K

In addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes (excessive thirst, urination, and hunger), which of the following are often also symptoms of diabetes

-fatigue, lethargy -fruity or wine-like breath -blurry vision -sores that don't heal

What are probable causes of hyperactivity?

-genetic factors -environmental factors

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by

-increasing physical activity -losing excess body fat

For a grain to be classified as a whole grain, it must contain the

-oily germ -starchy endosperm -fiber-rich bran seed

What are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products?

-raw sugar -lactose -maltodextrin

Dietary changes that can benefit a patient with metabolic syndrome include

-reducing salt intake -decreasing intake of saturated fat

Which of the following are true about alternative sweeteners?

-substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories -includes sugar alcohols such as xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol

identify names of sugars that may be found in foods

-sugar -molasses -honey

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

-they are found chiefly in grains, veggies, and fruits -they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates -they are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas called ____ cells

beta

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the

bloodtream

Lysis

breakdown of something

Ketosis occurs when the diet is low in

carbs

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

carrots and maple syrup

What is another name for polysaccharides?

complex carbohydrates

What two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

-galactose -glucose

People who are sensitive to aspartame have complained of _____ but no scientific evidence have linked these problems to aspartame

-headaches -cancer -immune system diseases

Which of the following are sugar alcohols?

-mannitol -xylitol -sorbitol

Amylopectin

a highly branched chain of glucose units

Amylose

a long, straight chain of glucose units

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

The alternative sweetener that people with PKU must avoid is _______

aspartame

Insulin

decreases blood glucose levels

The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide

energy for all cells

The source of energy for carbohydrate production by plants comes from

the sun

T/F: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed

true

Lipolysis

breakdown of fat

Ketacidosis

condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones

What are two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?

converted to fat or glucose

Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?

dairy

When sugars and other carbs are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel this results in tooth

decay

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

fat

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).

lactose

How many Americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion?

millions

Glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide

sucrose

What is the carbohydrate that all other sweeteners are compared to?

sucrose

What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?

-Native Americans -Latino/HIspanic Americans -African Americans

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

-adds bulk to feces -is a complex carbohydrate -a substance found in plants

Soluble fibers

-are metabolized by intestinal bacteria -dissolve or swell in water

Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains

-glucose -fructose

Human breast milk contains which monosaccharides?

-glucose -galactose

Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following?

-hearth disease -diabetes -obesity

The disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy is called

Gestational diabetes

Simple carbs include _______, which contain only one sugar units, and _______, which are compounds of two sugar units

monosaccharides; disaccharides

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide _____% to ______% of total calories in the diet

45-65

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many _____ units bonded together.

glucose

Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body?

glucose

Glucose is the primary fuel for most of the body's cells, however, some cells can only use glucose. These include

-central nervous system -red blood cells

The glycemic index of a food can vary depending on which of the following?

-degree of ripeness -the extent of processing -where the food was grown

Choose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates.

-donut -apple pie -candy

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal

-eating a meal -elevated blood gluces -insulin released from the pancreas -blood glucose level returns to normal

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

-frequent urination -extreme thirst -burred vision

The form of diabetes that is strongly associated with obesity if Type _____

2

When consuming a 2000 kcal diet, the daily value (DV) for carbohydrates is

300 grams

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

fructose, glucose, galactose

People with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes may experience excessive thirst, frequent urination, a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dl, and then breath with a fruity smell. These are all signs and symptoms of

ketoacidosis

Which type of fiber either dissolves or swells when put into water?

soluble fiber

Examples of complex carbohydrates include

starch

What is added to food to improve the foods tenderness contribute to browning, and serce as a preservative?

sugar

Saccharin

sweet n low

Both sugars and sugar alcohols provide

sweetness

Which of the following is a form of starch?

Amylopectin

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing

Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Aspartame

NutraSweet and Equal

Symptoms that include irritability, shaking sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called ______

Hypoglycemia

When an individual's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dl they are diagnosed with

Hypoglycemia

Sucralose

Splenda

Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber.

-carrots -oat bran -beans

List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy.

-carbohydrate -protein

(Glycemic Index x Grams of ______ )/ 100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrates

Ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

______ are used in some types of gun, breath mints, and candy because thy are not readily metabolized by bacteria to acids in the mouth and thus do not promote tooth decay

Sugar alcohols

T/F: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity

true

T/F: Hemorrhoids are swollen rectal veins that cause itching, discomfort, and/or bleeding.

true