Chapter 5 Human Anatomy

55) Extra bones that develop between the usual bones of the skull are called A) sesamoid bones. B) sutural bones. C) flat bones. D) endochondral bones. E) None of the answers are correct.

.B) sutural bones.

60) Which of the following is best for viewing bones? A) MRI B) X-rays C) CAT D) ultrasound E) PET

B) X-rays

11) Which of the following is a solid structure? A) lacuna B) medullary cavity C) trabecula D) central canal E) canaliculus

C) trabecula

26) The first location of long bone formation begins in an area called (the) A) trabecula. B) spicule. C) Haversian system. D) primary ossification center. E) secondary ossification center.

D) primary ossification center.

52) A great example of a pneumatized bone is the A) parietal bone. B) mandible. C) femur. D) vertebra. E) ethmoid bone.

E) ethmoid bone.

12) In osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone? A) nerves B) capillaries C) osteons D) osteocytes E) osteoclasts

E) osteoclasts

A Pott fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg.

TRUE

A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments.

TRUE

The central canal runs parallel to osteons.

TRUE

The perforating canals run perpendicular to osteons.

TRUE

An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilage does not grow.

achondroplasia

Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.

epiphyseal

The constant recycling of bone is called bone ________.

remodeling

Trabeculae are struts or plates within ________ that assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.

spongy bone

In general, a large rough projection is called a(n) ________.

trochanter

A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________.

trochlea

27) The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is A) calcification. B) ossification. C) osteogenesis. D) hardening. E) osteolysis.

A) calcification.

16) Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called A) trabeculae. B) osteons. C) lamellae. D) canaliculi. E) perforating canals.

A) trabeculae.

The addition of ________ to a tissue causing it to harden is referred to as calcification.

calcium

Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.

collagen

A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________.

crest

A toughened layer of connective tissue that encircles and stabilizes a bone at a fracture site is called a(n) ________.

external callus

The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones stores ________.

fat

An elongated cleft is a(n) ________.

fissure

A rounded passageway through a bone that permits blood vessels and/or nerves to pass is a(n) ________.

foramen

Because bones are adaptable, their shapes reflect the ________ applied to them.

forces or stresses

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________.

head

A(n) ________ is a bridgework of trabecular bone that unites the broken ends of a bone on the marrow side of a fracture.

internal callus

The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.

metaphyseal

50) Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to A) risk of infection. B) vascular damage. C) compound fractures' severity. D) potential nerve damage. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) risk of infection.

32) Bones have a vascular supply that is A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone. B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed. C) supplied simply by one or two arteries. D) poor, therefore healing is very limited. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone.

19) In the skeletal system, compact bone is located A) where bones are most heavily stressed. B) where stresses arrive from many directions. C) in the epiphyses of the long bones. D) in direct contact with articular cartilages. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) where bones are most heavily stressed.

36) If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? A) The person was a male. B) The person was prepubertal. C) The person had many injuries. D) The person was elderly. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) The person was prepubertal.

56) The scapula is an example of what type of bone? A) long B) flat C) irregular D) short E) sutural

B) flat

8) Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged? A) osteocyte B) osteoprogenitor cell C) red marrow cell D) osteoclast E) osteoblast

B) osteoprogenitor cell

39) Which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis? A) growth hormone B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) thyroid hormone

B) parathyroid hormone

In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains A) other connective tissues. B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls). C) neural tissues. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

28) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? A) Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. B) Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. C) Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. D) The bone grows in length. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) The bone grows in length.

44) Bone remodeling occurs in A) spongy bone. B) compact bone. C) all bone types equally at all times. D) all bone types based on need. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) all bone types based on need.

20) The connective tissue covering the inner surface of a bone is (the) A) matrix. B) osteon. C) periosteum. D) endosteum. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) endosteum.

21) The endosteum is best described as A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone. B) the cellular lining of the marrow cavity and central canals. C) an epithelial layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone. D) an incomplete epithelium that sometimes leaves matrix exposed. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

42) Bone structure is determined by which of the following? A) hormones B) mechanical stress C) muscle attachments D) diet E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

33) Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? A) Bones are not innervated. B) Only the periosteum is innervated. C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by sensory nerves. D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

48) Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? A) transverse fracture B) compression fracture C) spiral fracture D) comminuted fracture E) displaced fracture

E) displaced fracture

A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.

FALSE

Every bone contains relatively large a medullary cavity.

FALSE

Periosteum lines the marrow cavity.

FALSE

The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.

FALSE

The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.

FALSE

The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

FALSE

The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.

FALSE

35) How does an epiphysis contribute to the growth and function of a long bone? A) It permits more additional bone to be formed than would occur without it. B) It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface. C) It allows the bone to replace the cartilage at the metaphysis more rapidly. D) It permits bones of different densities to occur in close proximity. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface.

53) Which of the following is a classification of bone? A) long B) round C) square D) triangular E) indefinite

A) long

23) Ossification of flat bones is called A) synovial. B) intramembranous. C) intrachondral. D) symphyseal. E) endochondral.

B) intramembranous.

14) Layers of bone that go all the way around a bone are referred to as A) concentric lamellae. B) interstitial lamellae. C) circumferential lamellae. D) radial lamellae. E) longitudinal lamellae.

C) circumferential lamellae.

5) Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) neural tissue B) muscle tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) None of the answers are correct.

C) connective tissue

59) Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? A) fossa B) process C) foramen D) condyle E) All of the answers are correct.

C) foramen

57) A depression or concavity on the surface of a bone is called a A) tuberosity. B) trochanter. C) fossa. D) foramen. E) tubercle.

C) fossa.

54) Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone? A) humerus B) carpal bone C) occipital bone D) patella E) None of the answers are correct.

D) patella

The production of new bone is called ________.

osteogenesis

As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________ center, from which further development proceeds.

primary ossification

An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a(n) ________.

ramus

Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, calcium phosphate crystals enable bone to withstand the stress of ________.

compression

A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process.

condyle

The outer surfaces and walls of bones are composed of ________ bone.

compact

Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) support of the body B) storage of glucose C) production of ATP D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition E) None of the answers are correct.

A) support of the body

25) Endochondral ossification begins with A) hyaline cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) articular cartilage. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) hyaline cartilage.

The skeletal system participates in A) maintaining blood calcium levels. B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) maintaining blood calcium levels.

46) The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect A) older women. B) older men. C) young, active women. D) young, active men. E) children.

A) older women.

7) Mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are A) osteocytes. B) chondrocytes. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoplasts.

A) osteocytes.

24) Which of the following is (are) true of the growth of the skeleton? A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age.

43) The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is A) after injury. B) during aging. C) during youth. D) during embryologic development. E) never.

A) after injury.

Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? A) blood cells B) adipose tissue C) calcium D) protein E) All of the answers are correct.

A) blood cells

37) Increased levels of calcium in the blood in a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) parathyroid hormone. D) thyroid hormone. E) growth hormone.

A) calcitonin.

22) The periosteum A) covers the outside of bones. B) covers articular cartilage. C) can form chondrocytes to assist in enlarging cartilages associated with the bones. D) lines the medullary cavity. E) is vital in blood cell formation.

A) covers the outside of bones.

45) The best way to delay skeletal aging is to A) exercise. B) take hormone supplements. C) have cosmetic surgery. D) diet. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) exercise.

34) What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone? A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size. B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity. C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone. D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.

51) During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, they are able to break their fall with their hands. However, they stand up holding their wrist in pain. What type of fracture might they have sustained?

B) Colles' fracture

38) How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? A) They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. D) They regulate the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts in the bone matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

31) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. B) They die and are replaced by bone cells. C) They remain within the bone matrix. D) They line the central canals of the growing bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) They die and are replaced by bone cells.

6) Organic components of the matrix of bone include A) calcium phosphate. B) collagen fibers. C) calcium carbonate. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) collagen fibers.

15) The two types of osseous tissue are A) Haversian and lamellar bone. B) spongy and compact bone. C) trabecular and osteoclastic bone. D) spicular and trabecular bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) spongy and compact bone.

49) A break in a bone is called A) a rupture. B) a defect. C) a fracture. D) an osteon. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) a fracture.

10) A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is A) stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland. B) an osteoclast. C) an osteoblast. D) an osteocyte. E) located in a lacuna.

C) an osteoblast.

13) The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the A) medulla. B) lacuna. C) metaphysis. D) periosteum. E) endosteum.

C) metaphysis.

30) A long bone increases in length until A) appositional growth starts. B) the body runs out of calcium. C) the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified. D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends. E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive.

C) the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified.

17) Perforating canals (canals of Volkmann) A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone. B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone. C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone. D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone.

47) A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting of the bone is called a(n) A) Pott's fracture. B) comminuted fracture. C) greenstick fracture. D) spiral fracture. E) compression fracture.

D) spiral fracture.

9) The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is A) to produce new bone matrix. B) to break down old bone matrix and release calcium salts. C) to produce new perichondrium for endochondral bone to displace. D) to produce new osteoblasts. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) to produce new osteoblasts.

58) Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include A) condyles and trochleae. B) fossae, sulci, and foramina. C) rami and heads. D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles.

40) Which of the following is required to produce calcitrol in the kidneys? A) calcium B) vitamin A C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) sodium

D) vitamin D

18) Which of the following describes a central canal? A) contains an artery B) contains a vein C) runs parallel to osteons D) contains a nerve E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

29) During endochondral bone formation, A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified. B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage. D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

41) Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue? A) It can undergo remodeling during life. B) It may have both compact and spongy regions. C) It can be changed by hormonal stimuli. D) It contains openings for nutrient blood vessels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.

FALSE

A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the gluteal region after a fall.

TRUE

Articular cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces at joints.

TRUE

Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.

TRUE

The active form of vitamin D, which is synthesized in the kidney and plays an important role in normal calcium metabolism, is ________.

calcitriol

The deposition of ________ salts around the protein fibers of the matrix makes a bone both solid and sturdy.

calcium

The force of tension applied to a bone is counteracted by the presence of many ________ fibers.

collagen

Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of male and female ________, which affect the growth of the bones.

sex hormones

A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________.

sinus